Question

Enlightenment
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Thirty Years' War
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Protestant Reformation
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Papal States
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Crusades
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Manorialism
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Feudalism
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geocentric theory
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Renaissance
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Bubonic Plague
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.the idea that the earth is the center of the universe deadly pandemic of a bacteria that cause the population of Europe to drop by 30-60 percent a political system in which peasant farmers depended on the land and protection of a lord series of military

Answer 1

Enlightenment: 17th–18th century intellectual movement stressing reason, science, individual rights, and secular government (think Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau).

Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648 Central European conflict—started as Protestant vs. Catholic within the Holy Roman Empire, became a wider political war; ended with the Peace of Westphalia and devastated much of Germany.

Protestant Reformation: 16th-century religious movement (started by Martin Luther, John Calvin, etc.) that challenged Catholic Church authority and doctrines and led to the formation of Protestant churches.

Papal States: Territories in central Italy under the direct political rule of the pope from the early Middle Ages until Italian unification (1870).

Crusades: Series of military campaigns (mainly 11th–13th centuries) by Western Christians to capture the Holy Land and combat perceived enemies of Christendom; had major cultural, economic, and political consequences.

Manorialism: Economic and social system of the medieval countryside in which peasants (serfs) worked the lord’s manor, providing labor/produce in exchange for protection and use of land.

Feudalism: Medieval political and social system based on lords granting land (fiefs) to vassals in return for military service and loyalty, with a hierarchy of obligations tying nobles, knights, and peasants.

Geocentric theory: The idea that the Earth is the center of the universe and all celestial bodies revolve around it.

Renaissance: Cultural “rebirth” (14th–17th centuries) in Europe that revived interest in classical learning, arts, humanism, and scientific inquiry.

Bubonic Plague: Deadly pandemic caused by Yersinia pestis that struck Europe in the 14th century (Black Death), killing roughly 30–60% of the population.