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Karl Marx wrote in the Communist Manifesto that "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." Analyze the quote and select the statement about events in France during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that best supports this argument.
• Napoleon was defeated by the British at the Battle of Waterloo.
• Conservatives supported the Bourbon Restoration.
• The Second French Republic granted universal suffrage to all men.
Women led a march on the Palace of Versailles to demand cheaper bread prices.
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Answer: Women led a march on the Palace of Versailles to demand cheaper bread prices.
Why: Marx’s claim emphasizes popular conflicts between social classes over material conditions and political power. The October 1789 march was a direct action by urban working-class women and the Paris crowd against food scarcity, high bread prices, and royal/aristocratic privilege — a clear episode of subordinate classes confronting the ruling order and forcing political change (the king’s move to Paris). The other options describe military defeat, elite political alignment, or a later institutional reform; they are less direct examples of popular class struggle driving historical change.
Why: Marx’s claim emphasizes popular conflicts between social classes over material conditions and political power. The October 1789 march was a direct action by urban working-class women and the Paris crowd against food scarcity, high bread prices, and royal/aristocratic privilege — a clear episode of subordinate classes confronting the ruling order and forcing political change (the king’s move to Paris). The other options describe military defeat, elite political alignment, or a later institutional reform; they are less direct examples of popular class struggle driving historical change.
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