Question
se the timelines to answer the question.
Timeline of Events Related to Black People in Indian Territory and Oklahoma
Date Event
1830s The five southeastern Indigenous nations bring their Black enslaved people to Oklahoma during the forced removal of Indigenous Nations from the Southeast U.S.
1860s People establish all-Black towns, including Marshalltown and North Fork, in what is called “Indian Territory.”
1866 U.S. treaties with the five southeastern Indigenous nations lead to freed Black people being allotted pieces of former Indigenous land in Indian Territory.
1889 Red Bird, Oklahoma, begins development with the construction of the First Baptist church by town founder E. L. Barber.
1890 Langston, Oklahoma, is founded by Edward P. McCabe, a Black politician from Kansas. It was founded as a safe haven for Black people from the South who were facing discrimination.
Timeline of Events Related to the Development of All-Black Towns in Oklahoma
Date Event
1903 The all-Black town of Boley was established on land allotted to Creek freedman James Barnett's daughter Abigail.
1903 The all-Black town of Sewell was established. It was named after a White doctor, who owned much of the surrounding land and who attended the residents. The town’s name changed to Brooksville in 1912 to honor the first free Black person to live in the area, A. R. Brooks, a cotton buyer and farmer.
1907 Oklahoma territory becomes a state. The new state legislature begins passing Jim Crow laws, which slows the development of all-Black towns.
1911 White farmers in Oklahoma begin signing oaths saying they will not trade with all-Black towns, slowing their development.
1913 The all-Black town of Lima is incorporated.
Population of Boley, Oklahoma, By Decade: 1920 to 2020
Date Population of Boley
1920 1,154
1930 874
1940 942
1950 646
1960 573
1970 514
1980 423
1990 908
2000 1,126
2010 1,184
2020 1,091
Using the three timelines, determine which statement best explains the peak years of growth of all-Black towns.
(1 point)
Responses
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak in the 1860s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak in the 1860s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak from the 1830s to 1860s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak from the 1830s to 1860s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak in the 1910s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak in the 1910s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak from 1890 to 1907.
Timeline of Events Related to Black People in Indian Territory and Oklahoma
Date Event
1830s The five southeastern Indigenous nations bring their Black enslaved people to Oklahoma during the forced removal of Indigenous Nations from the Southeast U.S.
1860s People establish all-Black towns, including Marshalltown and North Fork, in what is called “Indian Territory.”
1866 U.S. treaties with the five southeastern Indigenous nations lead to freed Black people being allotted pieces of former Indigenous land in Indian Territory.
1889 Red Bird, Oklahoma, begins development with the construction of the First Baptist church by town founder E. L. Barber.
1890 Langston, Oklahoma, is founded by Edward P. McCabe, a Black politician from Kansas. It was founded as a safe haven for Black people from the South who were facing discrimination.
Timeline of Events Related to the Development of All-Black Towns in Oklahoma
Date Event
1903 The all-Black town of Boley was established on land allotted to Creek freedman James Barnett's daughter Abigail.
1903 The all-Black town of Sewell was established. It was named after a White doctor, who owned much of the surrounding land and who attended the residents. The town’s name changed to Brooksville in 1912 to honor the first free Black person to live in the area, A. R. Brooks, a cotton buyer and farmer.
1907 Oklahoma territory becomes a state. The new state legislature begins passing Jim Crow laws, which slows the development of all-Black towns.
1911 White farmers in Oklahoma begin signing oaths saying they will not trade with all-Black towns, slowing their development.
1913 The all-Black town of Lima is incorporated.
Population of Boley, Oklahoma, By Decade: 1920 to 2020
Date Population of Boley
1920 1,154
1930 874
1940 942
1950 646
1960 573
1970 514
1980 423
1990 908
2000 1,126
2010 1,184
2020 1,091
Using the three timelines, determine which statement best explains the peak years of growth of all-Black towns.
(1 point)
Responses
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak in the 1860s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak in the 1860s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak from the 1830s to 1860s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak from the 1830s to 1860s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak in the 1910s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak in the 1910s.
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak from 1890 to 1907.
Answers
GPT-5 mini
The growth of all-Black towns reached its peak from 1890 to 1907.
Explanation: Key towns (Langston in 1890; Boley and Sewell in 1903) were founded in this period, and growth slowed after Oklahoma statehood in 1907 when Jim Crow laws and white economic pressure began to hinder new all-Black town development.
Explanation: Key towns (Langston in 1890; Boley and Sewell in 1903) were founded in this period, and growth slowed after Oklahoma statehood in 1907 when Jim Crow laws and white economic pressure began to hinder new all-Black town development.