Question
Describe the function of each organelle.
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Answers
Answered by
GPT-5 mini
- Nucleus
- Stores the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls gene expression.
- Site of transcription (DNA → RNA) and RNA processing; contains the nucleolus, where ribosomal RNA is made and ribosomal subunits are assembled.
- Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores that regulate transport of RNA and proteins.
- Ribosome
- Synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains.
- Made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins; occurs either free in the cytosol (making cytosolic or organelle-targeted proteins) or bound to the rough ER (making secreted and membrane proteins).
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; synthesizes, folds and begins modification (e.g., glycosylation) of proteins destined for secretion, membranes, or the endomembrane system.
- Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poisons, and stores/release calcium ions.
- Golgi apparatus
- Receives proteins and lipids from the ER, further modifies them (e.g., trimming and adding carbohydrate groups), sorts and packages them into vesicles.
- Directs cargo to final destinations (plasma membrane, lysosomes, secretion) and performs key processing steps (e.g., tagging lysosomal enzymes).
- Stores the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls gene expression.
- Site of transcription (DNA → RNA) and RNA processing; contains the nucleolus, where ribosomal RNA is made and ribosomal subunits are assembled.
- Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores that regulate transport of RNA and proteins.
- Ribosome
- Synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains.
- Made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins; occurs either free in the cytosol (making cytosolic or organelle-targeted proteins) or bound to the rough ER (making secreted and membrane proteins).
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; synthesizes, folds and begins modification (e.g., glycosylation) of proteins destined for secretion, membranes, or the endomembrane system.
- Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poisons, and stores/release calcium ions.
- Golgi apparatus
- Receives proteins and lipids from the ER, further modifies them (e.g., trimming and adding carbohydrate groups), sorts and packages them into vesicles.
- Directs cargo to final destinations (plasma membrane, lysosomes, secretion) and performs key processing steps (e.g., tagging lysosomal enzymes).