The political philosophy of the Egyptian government through all three major dynastic periods can be best described as an absolute monarchy.
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Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE): The Pharaoh was seen as a divine being with absolute power over the land and its people, combining religious and political authority. The state was centralized, and the Pharaoh's decrees were law.
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Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BCE): The authority of the Pharaoh was reaffirmed, but there was an increasing emphasis on the welfare of the people. However, it remained an absolute monarchy, with the king seen as a god and ruler.
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New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BCE): The power of the Pharaoh was at its height, with extensive administrative systems. The Pharaoh continued to be viewed as a divine ruler, albeit with some periods of significant influence from powerful nobility and military leaders, but the essential structure remained an absolute monarchy.
In summary, while there were variations in governance and the role of the Pharaoh across different periods, the overarching political structure was one of absolute monarchy throughout ancient Egyptian history.