Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints but can also have systemic effects on the body. Here are some key points about RA:
Causes and Risk Factors
- Autoimmune Response: RA occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium, the lining of the membranes that surround the joints.
- Genetic Factors: Family history can increase risk; certain genetic markers (e.g., HLA-DR4) may be associated with RA.
- Environmental Factors: Smoking, exposure to certain pathogens, and obesity may trigger or exacerbate the condition.
- Hormonal Factors: RA is more common in women, suggesting that hormones may play a role.
Symptoms
- Joint Symptoms: Swelling, tenderness, and stiffness in the joints, particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity.
- Systemic Symptoms: Fatigue, fever, and weight loss may accompany joint symptoms.
- Bilateral Affects: RA typically affects joints on both sides of the body symmetrically (e.g., hands, wrists, knees).
- Nodules: Rheumatoid nodules can develop under the skin, especially at pressure points.
Diagnosis
- Physical Examination: Assessment of joint swelling, deformity, and range of motion.
- Blood Tests: Tests for rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA), and inflammatory markers (e.g., ESR, CRP).
- Imaging: X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI may be used to assess joint damage and inflammation.
Treatment
- Medications:
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce pain and inflammation.
- Corticosteroids: For short-term relief of inflammation.
- Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): Such as methotrexate, to slow disease progression and prevent joint damage.
- Biologic Response Modifiers: Target specific pathways in the inflammatory process, often used for moderate to severe cases.
- Physical Therapy: Exercise and physical therapy can help maintain joint function and reduce stiffness.
- Lifestyle Modifications: Weight management, exercise, and a healthy diet can also help manage symptoms.
Complications
- RA can lead to joint damage and deformities if not effectively treated.
- It may also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and certain cancers.
Prognosis
- With early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, many individuals with RA can manage their symptoms effectively and maintain a good quality of life. Some may experience periods of remission.
If you have specific questions or need more information about a particular aspect of rheumatoid arthritis, feel free to ask!