Here are the answers to your questions:
Question 13: Mason's situation is best described as Option D: structural unemployment. This occurs when there is a mismatch between the skills that workers possess and the skills demanded by employers, often due to geographic or other barriers.
Question 14: In 1893, Émile Durkheim said Option C: Organic solidarity arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work.
Question 15: The projected change of employment in the construction and extraction industry in the U.S. between 2010 and 2020 is Option A: 13%.
Question 16: Market Socialism is defined as Option B: a subtype of socialism that adopts certain traits of capitalism, like allowing limited private ownership or consulting market demands.
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