All of the options provided highlight ways in which state powers can impact voter representation. However, for the purpose of discussing underrepresentation of certain voting populations, the most relevant responses would be:
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States put heavy voter ID restrictions on all voters. - Voter ID laws can disproportionately affect certain groups, such as minorities and low-income individuals, leading to underrepresentation.
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States can deny mail-in ballot options for specific voting populations. - Restrictions on mail-in voting can impact populations that may have difficulty accessing polling places, such as the elderly or those with disabilities.
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States decide where polling locations will be and what languages voting material is printed in. - The placement of polling locations and availability of multilingual materials can affect accessibility and turnout among diverse communities.
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States are allowed to decide who can vote. - This broad power can allow states to implement restrictions (e.g., felon disenfranchisement) that disproportionately affect certain demographics.
In summary, while all options indicate how state powers can lead to underrepresentation, the first three responses specifically highlight processes that have clear implications on access and turnout among marginalized groups.