Earthquakes are primarily caused by the elastic rebound theory. This theory explains that stress builds up in the Earth's crust due to tectonic plate movements. When the stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, they fracture and slip, releasing stored energy in the form of seismic waves, which we experience as an earthquake.
Here’s a brief explanation of the other terms mentioned:
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Frictional heating: While friction plays a role in the movement of tectonic plates and can contribute to the build-up of stress, it is not the primary cause of earthquakes.
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The Richter scale: This is a scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes, but it does not cause them.
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The release of heat: This can occur during an earthquake but is typically a byproduct of the energy release rather than a cause of earthquakes.
In summary, the correct answer among your options is elastic rebound.