Question
TUTORIAL ACTIVITY 3
1. How do contraceptive pills generally work?
2. What are the common contraindications of the contraceptive pills?
3. What are the most common methods of male and female surgical sterilization?
4. How does the contraceptive diaphragm work? What are the limitations of this contraceptive
method?
5. Why is the use of condoms not just a contraceptive method but also a health protection behavior?
6. What is the normal duration of the menstrual cycle? How does the calendar contraceptive method work?
7. How is the ovulation date estimated with the control of the woman's body temperature?
8. What is the contraceptive mechanism of the IUD?
9. Generally how does a male animal realize that the female is receptive to copulation?
1. How do contraceptive pills generally work?
2. What are the common contraindications of the contraceptive pills?
3. What are the most common methods of male and female surgical sterilization?
4. How does the contraceptive diaphragm work? What are the limitations of this contraceptive
method?
5. Why is the use of condoms not just a contraceptive method but also a health protection behavior?
6. What is the normal duration of the menstrual cycle? How does the calendar contraceptive method work?
7. How is the ovulation date estimated with the control of the woman's body temperature?
8. What is the contraceptive mechanism of the IUD?
9. Generally how does a male animal realize that the female is receptive to copulation?
Answers
Answered by
GPT-4o mini
Certainly! Here are the answers to your tutorial activity questions:
1. **How do contraceptive pills generally work?**
Contraceptive pills, often referred to as birth control pills, primarily work by delivering hormones that prevent ovulation. They typically contain a combination of estrogen and progestin (combined pills) or just progestin (mini-pills). These hormones inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland, preventing the ovaries from releasing eggs. Additionally, they thicken the cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus, and alter the endometrium to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.
2. **What are the common contraindications of the contraceptive pills?**
Common contraindications for contraceptive pills include:
- History of thromboembolic disorders (e.g., deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism)
- Certain types of cancers, particularly breast or reproductive cancers
- Severe liver disease
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Cigarette smoking in women over the age of 35 (increases risk of cardiovascular events)
- Migraines with aura
- History of stroke or heart attack
3. **What are the most common methods of male and female surgical sterilization?**
- **Female surgical sterilization:** The most common method is tubal ligation, where the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or blocked to prevent eggs from traveling from the ovaries to the uterus.
- **Male surgical sterilization:** The most common method is a vasectomy, in which the vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles) are cut, tied, or sealed to prevent sperm from being included in ejaculate.
4. **How does the contraceptive diaphragm work? What are the limitations of this contraceptive method?**
The contraceptive diaphragm is a barrier method that is placed in the vagina to cover the cervix, blocking sperm from entering the uterus. It is typically used with spermicide for increased effectiveness. Limitations of this method include the need for proper fitting by a healthcare provider, potential for user error in placement, and decreased efficacy if not used consistently or correctly. It also does not offer protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
5. **Why is the use of condoms not just a contraceptive method but also a health protection behavior?**
Condoms serve as both a contraceptive method and a health protection behavior because they prevent pregnancy while also acting as a barrier to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and others. This dual protective quality makes condoms a vital component of sexual health.
6. **What is the normal duration of the menstrual cycle? How does the calendar contraceptive method work?**
The normal duration of the menstrual cycle is typically between 21 to 35 days, with an average of about 28 days. The calendar contraceptive method, also known as the rhythm method, involves tracking the menstrual cycle to estimate fertile days. By identifying the days when ovulation is likely to occur (usually about 14 days before the next expected period), couples can avoid unprotected intercourse during this fertile window.
7. **How is the ovulation date estimated with the control of the woman's body temperature?**
The ovulation date can be estimated by tracking basal body temperature (BBT), which is the body’s temperature at rest. After ovulation, there is a slight increase in BBT (typically about 0.5 to 1.0 degrees Fahrenheit) due to increased progesterone levels. By taking and recording the temperature daily, a woman can identify the slight rise in temperature and thus estimate that ovulation occurred the previous day.
8. **What is the contraceptive mechanism of the IUD?**
The IUD (intrauterine device) works mainly by preventing fertilization. It creates a local inflammatory reaction in the uterine lining that is toxic to sperm and eggs, and it alters cervical mucus to impede sperm movement. Some hormonal IUDs also release progestin, which helps thicken the cervical mucus and thin the endometrial lining to further reduce the chances of implantation of a fertilized egg.
9. **Generally how does a male animal realize that the female is receptive to copulation?**
Male animals realize that females are receptive to copulation through various signals, including pheromones and behavioral cues. In many species, females emit specific scents or pheromones when they are in estrus (heat), which can be detected by males. Additionally, females often exhibit changes in behaviors, such as increased restlessness, specific mating postures, or vocalizations, signaling their receptiveness and readiness to mate.
Feel free to ask if you need further information or have additional questions!
1. **How do contraceptive pills generally work?**
Contraceptive pills, often referred to as birth control pills, primarily work by delivering hormones that prevent ovulation. They typically contain a combination of estrogen and progestin (combined pills) or just progestin (mini-pills). These hormones inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland, preventing the ovaries from releasing eggs. Additionally, they thicken the cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus, and alter the endometrium to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.
2. **What are the common contraindications of the contraceptive pills?**
Common contraindications for contraceptive pills include:
- History of thromboembolic disorders (e.g., deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism)
- Certain types of cancers, particularly breast or reproductive cancers
- Severe liver disease
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Cigarette smoking in women over the age of 35 (increases risk of cardiovascular events)
- Migraines with aura
- History of stroke or heart attack
3. **What are the most common methods of male and female surgical sterilization?**
- **Female surgical sterilization:** The most common method is tubal ligation, where the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or blocked to prevent eggs from traveling from the ovaries to the uterus.
- **Male surgical sterilization:** The most common method is a vasectomy, in which the vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles) are cut, tied, or sealed to prevent sperm from being included in ejaculate.
4. **How does the contraceptive diaphragm work? What are the limitations of this contraceptive method?**
The contraceptive diaphragm is a barrier method that is placed in the vagina to cover the cervix, blocking sperm from entering the uterus. It is typically used with spermicide for increased effectiveness. Limitations of this method include the need for proper fitting by a healthcare provider, potential for user error in placement, and decreased efficacy if not used consistently or correctly. It also does not offer protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
5. **Why is the use of condoms not just a contraceptive method but also a health protection behavior?**
Condoms serve as both a contraceptive method and a health protection behavior because they prevent pregnancy while also acting as a barrier to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and others. This dual protective quality makes condoms a vital component of sexual health.
6. **What is the normal duration of the menstrual cycle? How does the calendar contraceptive method work?**
The normal duration of the menstrual cycle is typically between 21 to 35 days, with an average of about 28 days. The calendar contraceptive method, also known as the rhythm method, involves tracking the menstrual cycle to estimate fertile days. By identifying the days when ovulation is likely to occur (usually about 14 days before the next expected period), couples can avoid unprotected intercourse during this fertile window.
7. **How is the ovulation date estimated with the control of the woman's body temperature?**
The ovulation date can be estimated by tracking basal body temperature (BBT), which is the body’s temperature at rest. After ovulation, there is a slight increase in BBT (typically about 0.5 to 1.0 degrees Fahrenheit) due to increased progesterone levels. By taking and recording the temperature daily, a woman can identify the slight rise in temperature and thus estimate that ovulation occurred the previous day.
8. **What is the contraceptive mechanism of the IUD?**
The IUD (intrauterine device) works mainly by preventing fertilization. It creates a local inflammatory reaction in the uterine lining that is toxic to sperm and eggs, and it alters cervical mucus to impede sperm movement. Some hormonal IUDs also release progestin, which helps thicken the cervical mucus and thin the endometrial lining to further reduce the chances of implantation of a fertilized egg.
9. **Generally how does a male animal realize that the female is receptive to copulation?**
Male animals realize that females are receptive to copulation through various signals, including pheromones and behavioral cues. In many species, females emit specific scents or pheromones when they are in estrus (heat), which can be detected by males. Additionally, females often exhibit changes in behaviors, such as increased restlessness, specific mating postures, or vocalizations, signaling their receptiveness and readiness to mate.
Feel free to ask if you need further information or have additional questions!
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