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Fallacies of Presumption
Instructions: For each scenario, identify the specific fallacy of presumption (Begging the
Question/Circular Argument, Complex Question, or False Dichotomy) and explain why the
argument is flawed or unfair.
A speaker claims, "Ghosts exist because I've seen them, and I know what I saw was real
because ghosts are real."
○ Question: What specific fallacy is being committed, and why is this argument
logically unsound?
A lawyer asks a witness, "Do you admit that your plan to defraud the company was
well-thought-out?"
○ Question: Identify the fallacy in this question. Why is it problematic regardless of
how the witness answers?
A political commentator states, "Either you support lowering taxes for the wealthy, or you are against economic prosperity for everyone."
○ Question: What fallacy is being presented, and why does it represent an unfair or
incomplete choice?
The instructions for a new game state, "This game is fun because it's genuinely enjoyable to play."
○ Question: Which fallacy of presumption is evident here, and what makes this
statement circular?

1 answer

Here are resources and brief explanations to help you understand the fallacies of presumption in your scenarios:

  1. Ghost Argument:

    • Fallacy: Begging the Question / Circular Argument.
    • Explanation: The argument is flawed because it assumes the very thing it seeks to prove — that ghosts exist — without providing any independent evidence. The reasoning goes in a circle: "I've seen ghosts, which means they must be real, but I’m certain I saw them because they're real."

  2. Lawyer's Question:

    • Fallacy: Complex Question / Loaded Question.
    • Explanation: This question is problematic because it presupposes that the witness had a plan to defraud the company. Regardless of the witness's answer, they either imply guilt (if they admit to a well-thought-out plan) or they potentially deny an assumption that could be interpreted as an admission of guilt.

  3. Political Commentator's Statement:

    • Fallacy: False Dichotomy / Either-Or Fallacy.
    • Explanation: This statement presents an unfair binary choice by suggesting that there are only two options: supporting tax cuts for the wealthy or being against economic prosperity. It ignores the possibility of other views or nuanced positions on economic policy, offering an oversimplified and misleading choice.

  4. Game Instruction:

    • Fallacy: Circular Argument / Begging the Question.
    • Explanation: The statement is circular because it claims the game is "fun" based on the assertion that it is "genuinely enjoyable." The premise and conclusion are the same, which fails to convince anyone that the game is actually fun since enjoyment is assumed rather than demonstrated.

Resources for Further Exploration:

Each of these resources provides thorough explanations and examples that can further clarify and reinforce your understanding of logical fallacies, particularly the fallacies of presumption.