Yes, temporary employees are required to pay taxes on their earnings, just like permanent employees. In the United States, employers withhold federal income tax, Social Security tax, and Medicare tax from temporary employees' paychecks. Depending on the jurisdiction, state and local taxes might also be withheld.
Temporary employees typically receive a Form W-2 at the end of the year, detailing their earnings and the taxes withheld, which they will use to file their personal income tax returns.
If you have more specific questions about tax obligations or how they apply to your situation, feel free to ask!