Question

How has existentialism evolved in the twentieth century?


The movement became linked with religion.

The movement became associated with pessimism as a negative philosophy.

The movement became associated with optimism as a positive philosophy.

The movement became less popular

Answer 1

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emerged in the early twentieth century, with its roots in the works of philosophers like Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. However, it gained significant traction in the mid-twentieth century, particularly through the writings of figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Albert Camus. The evolution of existentialism throughout the twentieth century can be summarized through several key developments:

1. **Link with Religion**: Although existentialism is often associated with atheism, particularly in the works of Sartre, it also found expression in more religious forms, notably through the works of existentialist theologians like Gabriel Marcel and Paul Tillich. These thinkers incorporated existential themes such as individual experience, faith, and the search for meaning within a religious context, showing that existentialist ideas could coexist with religious beliefs.

2. **Association with Pessimism vs. Optimism**: Existentialism has been interpreted in both pessimistic and optimistic lights. While some existentialists, like Camus, emphasized the absurdity of life and the inherent struggles of human existence (which can be seen as pessimistic), other thinkers, particularly Sartre, stressed the importance of individual freedom, responsibility, and the potential for self-creation. This tension between pessimism and optimism created a rich dialogue within the movement.

3. **Popularity and Influence**: The popularity of existentialism fluctuated throughout the century. In the post-World War II period, existentialist ideas gained prominence, particularly in literature, psychology, and political theory. The movement's focus on individual experience and authenticity resonated deeply during a time of upheaval and questioning of traditional values. However, by the late twentieth century, the movement faced criticism and diminished influence as postmodern and critical theories emerged, leading to a more fragmented landscape in philosophy.

In summary, existentialism evolved in complex ways throughout the twentieth century, becoming associated both with religious thought and various interpretations of human existence that could be seen as either pessimistic or optimistic. While it experienced periods of high popularity, it also faced challenges that questioned its relevance in the latter part of the century.