In "The Last Supper," Leonardo da Vinci employs the element of line to create a sense of depth and perspective, guiding the viewer’s eye towards the central figure of Christ. The strong horizontal lines of the table and the ceiling draw attention to the focal point of the composition, while the vertical lines of the apostles' bodies lead the viewer through the narrative of the scene.
Additionally, da Vinci utilizes the principle of balance to achieve harmony within the chaotic moment of Jesus announcing his betrayal. The symmetrical arrangement of the apostles around Christ not only stabilizes the composition but also emphasizes the emotional reactions of each figure, contributing to the overall dramatic tension. This careful arrangement ensures that the scene feels both dynamic and cohesive.