Indigenous peoples are groups that have historical ties to a particular territory and maintain distinct cultural, linguistic, and social identities that are different from the dominant society in which they live. They often have their own customs, traditions, and ways of life that have been passed down through generations. Indigenous peoples are characterized by their connection to the land and natural resources, a strong sense of communal ties, and often, a distinct relationship with their environment.
The United Nations has established several criteria to define indigenous peoples, which are primarily encapsulated in the work of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) and other related bodies. While there is no officially agreed-upon definition, the following criteria are commonly referenced:
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Self-Identification: Indigenous peoples define themselves as such. This means that individuals and communities must have a self-awareness and self-identification as indigenous, which acknowledges their cultural heritage and social, political, and historical conditions.
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Historical Continuity: Indigenous peoples are those who have a historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies. This implies that they have been living on and maintaining their distinct cultures within the territory for generations.
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Distinctive Culture and Identity: Indigenous peoples often have distinct social, economic, and political systems and cultures. This includes unique customs, languages, and practices that differentiate them from other populations.
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Territorial Links: There is usually a strong link between indigenous peoples and their traditional lands or territories. This connection is often integral to their cultural identity, spiritual beliefs, and physical survival.
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Collective Rights: Indigenous groups generally see themselves as communities rather than as individuals. Therefore, their rights are often collective, covering issues such as governance, cultural preservation, and access to natural resources.
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Desire for Self-Determination: Many indigenous peoples seek a degree of autonomy and self-governance and advocate for recognition of their rights to manage their own affairs, including political, economic, and social structures.
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Marginalization and Vulnerability: Indigenous communities often face social, economic, and political marginalization. They may experience discrimination and have less access to resources, education, and health services.
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), adopted in 2007, further emphasizes these points and outlines the rights of indigenous peoples to maintain their distinct cultures, identities, languages, and traditions, as well as their rights to land, resources, and self-determination. It serves as an important framework for promoting and protecting the rights of indigenous peoples globally.