Normality (N) is a measure of concentration equal to the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution. The formula for calculating normality is:
\[ \text{Normality (N)} = \frac{\text{Number of equivalents of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution in liters}} \]
To calculate the number of equivalents, you can use the formula:
\[ \text{Number of equivalents} = \frac{\text{Mass of solute (g)}}{\text{Equivalent weight (g/equiv)}} \]
Where the equivalent weight can be calculated based on the nature of the solute and the reaction in which it participates.
For example, for an acid, the equivalent weight is calculated by dividing the molecular weight by the number of protons (H⁺ ions) it can donate. For a base, it is divided by the number of hydroxide (OH⁻) ions it can donate.
Make sure to ensure that all values are in compatible units before performing the calculation!