Question
Marine Ecosystems (5.01)
Know the difference between biotic and abiotic factors including:
examples and:
which ones have a positive impact on marine populations
which ones have a negative impact on marine populations
Know how wetlands protect water quality of marine ecosystems
Know the abiotic causes of declines in seagrass communities and what is being done to aid their recovery
Know how species abundance is used to determine ecosystem health
Know how industrial runoff negatively impacts water quality
Food Webs and Energy Transfer (5.02)
Be able to describe a food chain and a food web - and understand the difference between them
Be able to name and describe each of the trophic levels of the food chain/food web listed here. Make sure to know examples and the importance for each of these also:
important producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
top consumers - tertiary and quaternary consumers
Decomposers
Define each of the following and understand in which trophic level you might find each type of consumer: herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
Energy transfer in Food Chains
What overall % of energy transfer to the next level up in a food chain? (in general)
Understand what happens to the amount of available energy as you travel up a food chain and why it decreases
What is the specific amount of overall energy each of the following levels in a food chain gain:
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Third level consumers
Apex predators
Where do producers originally get their ‘energy’ from?
Understand the interconnectedness of organisms in a food web and how they show energy flow and species relationships - including what happens if a trophic level in a food web is eliminated
Be able to view a food web and pick out a linear food chain within that food web
Understand that we would use a model image of a food web (similar to the food web shown on page 1 of the lesson) for all of these reasons
* to illustrate the flow of energy through an ecosystem / through the different trophic levels of organisms
* to look at predator/prey relationships between organisms
Marine Relationships (5.03)
Species Relationships
What is symbiosis?
Be able to name, describe and give an example for each of these different symbiotic relationships:
commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
predation
competition
Know which of these relationships above are harmful/negative relationships and which are helpful/positive relationships.
Know how predation differs from parasitism and competition
What is the main reason organisms interact in the ocean?
Human Impact on Marine Life (5.04)
Know specific impacts of dams on ecosystems
Understand that dams have caused a large increase to changes in rivers and streams by redirecting water
What are ways humans pollute surface and/or groundwater? Be able to tell the ways and describe how these ways pollute surface and/or groundwater
What are ways humans pollute ocean environments? Be able to tell the ways and describe how these ways pollute ocean environments
Know basic environmental impacts to ocean environments due to oil drilling/oil spills
Research (on your own) images of runoff pollution so you will know what it looks like
Know the effects of runoff including:
algae overgrowth from fertilizer runoff
issues with pesticide runoff
pollution to rivers/waterways
What negative impacts can occur from marine shipping? Name them all and describe their effects
Know the correlation between increased carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) and increase in ocean water temperature
Which types of organisms are most vulnerable to overfishing and why? Give specific examples also
Know the importance of peer review and experimental reproducibility in creating theories and validating other scientists’ findings
Know when a scientific theory develops
Know how scientists cooperate to show evidence and solve problems including:
examples of evidence they would use to convince policy makers
Thinking question (not in the lesson) What might be the scientific justification for passing the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972? - think about how this Act was created to help protect mammal populations
Biotechnology and Environmental Conservation (5.05)Honors - (Only for Honors Students)
Know what is meant by the term “bycatch”
Know what environmental biotechnology is, what its goal is and how it can be used to improve conditions in marine ecosystems including examples such as:
biochemical engineering (ex: bioluminescent algae to remove carbon dioxide)
transgenic organisms (bacteria to remove waste/oil)
Know the pros and cons of using bacteria versus dispersants to clean up oil spills
Know the pros and cons of GM organisms
Know pros and cons of harvesting algae from the ocean
Know what biomimicry is and how it can be used to benefit humans including:
how scientists are using coatings that mimic shark skin to impact human health
Know what is meant by the term “bioprospecting”
Know attributes and examples of a good model organisms that can be used in studies:
in place of humans to test the impact of toxins on humans
to test the impact of toxins on blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
to test the effects of hormones on marine mammals
Marine Pollution (5.06)
The Impacts of Oil
Know the possible effects - both immediate and long term - of oil spills on the following (be specific):
human health - relate this to the fact that organisms like fish can be part of the human food chain
marine organisms
that come to the surface to breath - understand how it can be ingested by them and is toxic
that are in direct contact with the oil
organisms below the surface of denser oil spills with oil containing volatile organic compounds
What is biomagnification?
What organisms are most affected and which organisms are least affected by the biomagnification of pollutants such as mercury and oil?
Are coastal areas or the open ocean more vulnerable to oil spills and the way they affect ocean life and why?
What are the different methods of oil spill clean-up on or near the shore/coastline? Be able to name and describe each one plus identify them from an image of them
How do booms limit the environmental impact of oil spills?
What are the different methods of oil spill clean-up in the open ocean/at sea? Be able to name and describe each one plus identify them from an image of them
Know that there is a bacteria organism that humans have genetically modified to help clean up oil
Which areas are most fragile in regard to biodiversity years after an oil spill occurs?
What are the different types of responder tools human can use to respond to hazardous material spills on the coast - including an oil spill? Be able to name and describe each one
Know the possible impacts of fish farms on water quality and marine health
Know how biodiversity is impacted by oil spills and farming runoff
Know the difference between biotic and abiotic factors including:
examples and:
which ones have a positive impact on marine populations
which ones have a negative impact on marine populations
Know how wetlands protect water quality of marine ecosystems
Know the abiotic causes of declines in seagrass communities and what is being done to aid their recovery
Know how species abundance is used to determine ecosystem health
Know how industrial runoff negatively impacts water quality
Food Webs and Energy Transfer (5.02)
Be able to describe a food chain and a food web - and understand the difference between them
Be able to name and describe each of the trophic levels of the food chain/food web listed here. Make sure to know examples and the importance for each of these also:
important producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
top consumers - tertiary and quaternary consumers
Decomposers
Define each of the following and understand in which trophic level you might find each type of consumer: herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
Energy transfer in Food Chains
What overall % of energy transfer to the next level up in a food chain? (in general)
Understand what happens to the amount of available energy as you travel up a food chain and why it decreases
What is the specific amount of overall energy each of the following levels in a food chain gain:
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Third level consumers
Apex predators
Where do producers originally get their ‘energy’ from?
Understand the interconnectedness of organisms in a food web and how they show energy flow and species relationships - including what happens if a trophic level in a food web is eliminated
Be able to view a food web and pick out a linear food chain within that food web
Understand that we would use a model image of a food web (similar to the food web shown on page 1 of the lesson) for all of these reasons
* to illustrate the flow of energy through an ecosystem / through the different trophic levels of organisms
* to look at predator/prey relationships between organisms
Marine Relationships (5.03)
Species Relationships
What is symbiosis?
Be able to name, describe and give an example for each of these different symbiotic relationships:
commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
predation
competition
Know which of these relationships above are harmful/negative relationships and which are helpful/positive relationships.
Know how predation differs from parasitism and competition
What is the main reason organisms interact in the ocean?
Human Impact on Marine Life (5.04)
Know specific impacts of dams on ecosystems
Understand that dams have caused a large increase to changes in rivers and streams by redirecting water
What are ways humans pollute surface and/or groundwater? Be able to tell the ways and describe how these ways pollute surface and/or groundwater
What are ways humans pollute ocean environments? Be able to tell the ways and describe how these ways pollute ocean environments
Know basic environmental impacts to ocean environments due to oil drilling/oil spills
Research (on your own) images of runoff pollution so you will know what it looks like
Know the effects of runoff including:
algae overgrowth from fertilizer runoff
issues with pesticide runoff
pollution to rivers/waterways
What negative impacts can occur from marine shipping? Name them all and describe their effects
Know the correlation between increased carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) and increase in ocean water temperature
Which types of organisms are most vulnerable to overfishing and why? Give specific examples also
Know the importance of peer review and experimental reproducibility in creating theories and validating other scientists’ findings
Know when a scientific theory develops
Know how scientists cooperate to show evidence and solve problems including:
examples of evidence they would use to convince policy makers
Thinking question (not in the lesson) What might be the scientific justification for passing the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972? - think about how this Act was created to help protect mammal populations
Biotechnology and Environmental Conservation (5.05)Honors - (Only for Honors Students)
Know what is meant by the term “bycatch”
Know what environmental biotechnology is, what its goal is and how it can be used to improve conditions in marine ecosystems including examples such as:
biochemical engineering (ex: bioluminescent algae to remove carbon dioxide)
transgenic organisms (bacteria to remove waste/oil)
Know the pros and cons of using bacteria versus dispersants to clean up oil spills
Know the pros and cons of GM organisms
Know pros and cons of harvesting algae from the ocean
Know what biomimicry is and how it can be used to benefit humans including:
how scientists are using coatings that mimic shark skin to impact human health
Know what is meant by the term “bioprospecting”
Know attributes and examples of a good model organisms that can be used in studies:
in place of humans to test the impact of toxins on humans
to test the impact of toxins on blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
to test the effects of hormones on marine mammals
Marine Pollution (5.06)
The Impacts of Oil
Know the possible effects - both immediate and long term - of oil spills on the following (be specific):
human health - relate this to the fact that organisms like fish can be part of the human food chain
marine organisms
that come to the surface to breath - understand how it can be ingested by them and is toxic
that are in direct contact with the oil
organisms below the surface of denser oil spills with oil containing volatile organic compounds
What is biomagnification?
What organisms are most affected and which organisms are least affected by the biomagnification of pollutants such as mercury and oil?
Are coastal areas or the open ocean more vulnerable to oil spills and the way they affect ocean life and why?
What are the different methods of oil spill clean-up on or near the shore/coastline? Be able to name and describe each one plus identify them from an image of them
How do booms limit the environmental impact of oil spills?
What are the different methods of oil spill clean-up in the open ocean/at sea? Be able to name and describe each one plus identify them from an image of them
Know that there is a bacteria organism that humans have genetically modified to help clean up oil
Which areas are most fragile in regard to biodiversity years after an oil spill occurs?
What are the different types of responder tools human can use to respond to hazardous material spills on the coast - including an oil spill? Be able to name and describe each one
Know the possible impacts of fish farms on water quality and marine health
Know how biodiversity is impacted by oil spills and farming runoff
Answers
Answered by
GPT-4o mini
### Marine Ecosystems (5.01)
1. **Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors**:
- **Biotic Factors**: Living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria).
- **Positive Impact**: Predators help control prey populations.
- **Negative Impact**: Invasive species can outcompete native species.
- **Abiotic Factors**: Non-living components (e.g., temperature, salinity, sunlight).
- **Positive Impact**: Optimal temperature and sunlight can enhance growth.
- **Negative Impact**: Pollution and extreme temperatures can lead to habitat degradation.
2. **Wetlands and Water Quality**:
Wetlands filter pollutants, absorb excess nutrients, and provide habitat for many marine species, thus improving water quality.
3. **Declines in Seagrass Communities**:
- **Abiotic Causes**: Poor water quality, elevated sedimentation, and changing nutrient levels.
- **Recovery Efforts**: Restoration of water quality, replanting seagrass, and protecting existing beds.
4. **Species Abundance and Ecosystem Health**:
High species abundance indicates a healthy ecosystem; declines can signal stress or imbalance.
5. **Industrial Runoff**:
Industrial runoff introduces pollutants such as heavy metals, chemicals, and nutrients that can harm marine life and degrade water quality.
### Food Webs and Energy Transfer (5.02)
1. **Food Chain vs. Food Web**:
- **Food Chain**: A linear sequence of organisms where each is eaten by the next (e.g., grass → rabbit → fox).
- **Food Web**: A complex network of interrelated food chains.
2. **Trophic Levels**:
- **Producers**: Create energy (e.g., phytoplankton); form the base of the food web.
- **Primary Consumers**: Herbivores (e.g., zooplankton).
- **Secondary Consumers**: Carnivores that eat herbivores (e.g., small fish).
- **Tertiary Consumers**: Carnivores that eat other carnivores (e.g., larger fish).
- **Quaternary Consumers**: Apex predators (e.g., sharks).
- **Decomposers**: Break down dead material (e.g., bacteria, fungi).
3. **Consumer Definitions**:
- **Herbivores**: Primary consumers.
- **Carnivores**: Secondary or higher consumers.
- **Omnivores**: Can be found at various levels.
4. **Energy Transfer**: Transfers approximately 10% of energy to the next trophic level.
5. **Energy Decrease**: Energy decreases as you move up trophic levels due to metabolic processes and heat loss.
6. **Energy Gains**:
- **Primary Producers**: 100% (initial energy)
- **Primary Consumers**: ~10%
- **Secondary Consumers**: ~1%
- **Tertiary Consumers**: ~0.1%
- **Apex Predators**: ~0.01%
7. **Producers' Energy Source**: Producers obtain energy from sunlight through photosynthesis.
8. **Interconnectedness in Food Webs**: Removing a trophic level can destabilize the entire web, affecting predator-prey dynamics.
9. **Food Web Models**: Used to illustrate energy flow, species interactions, and ecosystem stability.
### Marine Relationships (5.03)
1. **Symbiosis**: A close and often long-term interaction between two different species.
2. **Types of Symbiotic Relationships**:
- **Commensalism**: One species benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed. (e.g., barnacles on whales)
- **Mutualism**: Both species benefit. (e.g., clownfish and sea anemones)
- **Parasitism**: One species benefits at the expense of the other. (e.g., parasites in fish)
- **Predation**: One organism eats another. (e.g., shark and fish)
- **Competition**: Organisms compete for the same resource. (e.g., two fish species vying for the same food).
3. **Negative vs. Positive Relationships**: Parasitism and competition are harmful; mutualism and commensalism are helpful.
4. **Predation vs. Parasitism and Competition**: Predation involves direct consumption; parasitism involves living on or in a host; competition involves resource rivalry.
5. **Main Reason for Interactions**: Organisms interact for survival, reproduction, and resource acquisition.
### Human Impact on Marine Life (5.04)
1. **Dams**: Dams alter natural water flow, affecting habitats and species migration.
2. **Pollution Sources**:
- Surface Water: Agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, industrial waste.
- Ocean: Plastic waste, oil spills, chemical runoff.
3. **Oil Drilling and Spills**: Affect marine ecosystems through habitat destruction and contamination.
4. **Runoff Effects**: Nutrient overgrowth leads to harmful algal blooms, pesticides harm aquatic life, and pollution degrades habitats.
5. **Impacts of Marine Shipping**: Includes oil spills, wildlife collisions, noise pollution, and introduction of invasive species.
6. **CO2 and Ocean Temperature**: Increased atmospheric CO2 leads to higher ocean temperatures and acidification, affecting marine organisms.
7. **Overfishing Vulnerable Species**: Species with slow reproduction rates (e.g., sharks, tuna) are particularly affected due to their inability to recover quickly from population declines.
8. **Peer Review**: Essential for verifying research, enhancing credibility, and forming scientific consensus.
9. **Scientific Theories**: Developed through extensive testing, observation, and validation of hypotheses.
10. **Evidence for Policy Makers**: Scientists use data, models, and case studies to advocate for protective regulations, such as the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
### Biotechnology and Environmental Conservation (5.05 - Honors Only)
1. **Bycatch**: Unintended catch of non-target species during fishing.
2. **Environmental Biotechnology**: Use of biological processes to improve environmental health, such as bioremediation with bacteria for pollution cleanup.
3. **Bacteria vs. Dispersants**: Bacteria can specifically target oil without chemicals, while dispersants may have broader ecological impacts.
4. **GM Organisms Pros and Cons**: Pros include improved efficiency and resistance; cons may involve ecological risks and ethical concerns.
5. **Algae Harvesting**: Pros include biofuel source; cons involve ecosystem disruption if not managed sustainably.
6. **Biomimicry**: Learning from nature to solve human problems; e.g., materials mimicking shark skin to reduce bacteria spread.
7. **Bioprospecting**: Searching for valuable compounds in marine organisms for pharmaceuticals and other uses.
8. **Model Organisms**: Should be relevant for human health studies (e.g., zebrafish for toxicity), ecological impact (cyanobacteria), and hormone research (marine mammals).
### Marine Pollution (5.06)
1. **Oil Spill Effects**:
- **Human Health**: Contaminated fish can enter the food chain.
- **Marine Organisms**: Ingesting oil is toxic; some species can suffer from acute and chronic health effects.
- **Surface Breathers**: Animals like whales can ingest oil while surfacing.
2. **Biomagnification**: The process where concentrations of pollutants increase in organisms at higher trophic levels (e.g., mercury in fish).
3. **Affected Organisms**: Top predators (e.g., eagles, whales) are most affected; less affected are primary producers.
4. **Coastal vs. Open Ocean**: Coastal areas are more vulnerable due to their biodiversity and proximity to human activities.
5. **Cleanup Methods on Shore**:
- Mechanical Recovery: Skimmers to remove oil.
- Bioremediation: Use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants.
- Absorbent Materials: Use of materials to soak up oil.
6. **Booms**: Barriers that contain oil spills, preventing further spread.
7. **Cleanup Methods at Sea**: Similar to shoreline cleanup but includes the use of dispersants, chemical treatments, and controlled burns.
8. **Genetically Modified Bacteria**: Used to enhance natural biodegradation of oil.
9. **Biodiversity Impacts**: Long-term impacts on species composition and ecosystem health following oil spills.
10. **Responder Tools**: Include protective gear, monitoring equipment, and recovery devices to manage spills effectively.
11. **Fish Farms Impact**: Can result in nutrient pollution, habitat degradation, and disease spread among wild fish populations.
12. **Oil Spills and Farming Runoff**: Alters water quality, impacting species richness and ecosystem stability.
1. **Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors**:
- **Biotic Factors**: Living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria).
- **Positive Impact**: Predators help control prey populations.
- **Negative Impact**: Invasive species can outcompete native species.
- **Abiotic Factors**: Non-living components (e.g., temperature, salinity, sunlight).
- **Positive Impact**: Optimal temperature and sunlight can enhance growth.
- **Negative Impact**: Pollution and extreme temperatures can lead to habitat degradation.
2. **Wetlands and Water Quality**:
Wetlands filter pollutants, absorb excess nutrients, and provide habitat for many marine species, thus improving water quality.
3. **Declines in Seagrass Communities**:
- **Abiotic Causes**: Poor water quality, elevated sedimentation, and changing nutrient levels.
- **Recovery Efforts**: Restoration of water quality, replanting seagrass, and protecting existing beds.
4. **Species Abundance and Ecosystem Health**:
High species abundance indicates a healthy ecosystem; declines can signal stress or imbalance.
5. **Industrial Runoff**:
Industrial runoff introduces pollutants such as heavy metals, chemicals, and nutrients that can harm marine life and degrade water quality.
### Food Webs and Energy Transfer (5.02)
1. **Food Chain vs. Food Web**:
- **Food Chain**: A linear sequence of organisms where each is eaten by the next (e.g., grass → rabbit → fox).
- **Food Web**: A complex network of interrelated food chains.
2. **Trophic Levels**:
- **Producers**: Create energy (e.g., phytoplankton); form the base of the food web.
- **Primary Consumers**: Herbivores (e.g., zooplankton).
- **Secondary Consumers**: Carnivores that eat herbivores (e.g., small fish).
- **Tertiary Consumers**: Carnivores that eat other carnivores (e.g., larger fish).
- **Quaternary Consumers**: Apex predators (e.g., sharks).
- **Decomposers**: Break down dead material (e.g., bacteria, fungi).
3. **Consumer Definitions**:
- **Herbivores**: Primary consumers.
- **Carnivores**: Secondary or higher consumers.
- **Omnivores**: Can be found at various levels.
4. **Energy Transfer**: Transfers approximately 10% of energy to the next trophic level.
5. **Energy Decrease**: Energy decreases as you move up trophic levels due to metabolic processes and heat loss.
6. **Energy Gains**:
- **Primary Producers**: 100% (initial energy)
- **Primary Consumers**: ~10%
- **Secondary Consumers**: ~1%
- **Tertiary Consumers**: ~0.1%
- **Apex Predators**: ~0.01%
7. **Producers' Energy Source**: Producers obtain energy from sunlight through photosynthesis.
8. **Interconnectedness in Food Webs**: Removing a trophic level can destabilize the entire web, affecting predator-prey dynamics.
9. **Food Web Models**: Used to illustrate energy flow, species interactions, and ecosystem stability.
### Marine Relationships (5.03)
1. **Symbiosis**: A close and often long-term interaction between two different species.
2. **Types of Symbiotic Relationships**:
- **Commensalism**: One species benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed. (e.g., barnacles on whales)
- **Mutualism**: Both species benefit. (e.g., clownfish and sea anemones)
- **Parasitism**: One species benefits at the expense of the other. (e.g., parasites in fish)
- **Predation**: One organism eats another. (e.g., shark and fish)
- **Competition**: Organisms compete for the same resource. (e.g., two fish species vying for the same food).
3. **Negative vs. Positive Relationships**: Parasitism and competition are harmful; mutualism and commensalism are helpful.
4. **Predation vs. Parasitism and Competition**: Predation involves direct consumption; parasitism involves living on or in a host; competition involves resource rivalry.
5. **Main Reason for Interactions**: Organisms interact for survival, reproduction, and resource acquisition.
### Human Impact on Marine Life (5.04)
1. **Dams**: Dams alter natural water flow, affecting habitats and species migration.
2. **Pollution Sources**:
- Surface Water: Agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, industrial waste.
- Ocean: Plastic waste, oil spills, chemical runoff.
3. **Oil Drilling and Spills**: Affect marine ecosystems through habitat destruction and contamination.
4. **Runoff Effects**: Nutrient overgrowth leads to harmful algal blooms, pesticides harm aquatic life, and pollution degrades habitats.
5. **Impacts of Marine Shipping**: Includes oil spills, wildlife collisions, noise pollution, and introduction of invasive species.
6. **CO2 and Ocean Temperature**: Increased atmospheric CO2 leads to higher ocean temperatures and acidification, affecting marine organisms.
7. **Overfishing Vulnerable Species**: Species with slow reproduction rates (e.g., sharks, tuna) are particularly affected due to their inability to recover quickly from population declines.
8. **Peer Review**: Essential for verifying research, enhancing credibility, and forming scientific consensus.
9. **Scientific Theories**: Developed through extensive testing, observation, and validation of hypotheses.
10. **Evidence for Policy Makers**: Scientists use data, models, and case studies to advocate for protective regulations, such as the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
### Biotechnology and Environmental Conservation (5.05 - Honors Only)
1. **Bycatch**: Unintended catch of non-target species during fishing.
2. **Environmental Biotechnology**: Use of biological processes to improve environmental health, such as bioremediation with bacteria for pollution cleanup.
3. **Bacteria vs. Dispersants**: Bacteria can specifically target oil without chemicals, while dispersants may have broader ecological impacts.
4. **GM Organisms Pros and Cons**: Pros include improved efficiency and resistance; cons may involve ecological risks and ethical concerns.
5. **Algae Harvesting**: Pros include biofuel source; cons involve ecosystem disruption if not managed sustainably.
6. **Biomimicry**: Learning from nature to solve human problems; e.g., materials mimicking shark skin to reduce bacteria spread.
7. **Bioprospecting**: Searching for valuable compounds in marine organisms for pharmaceuticals and other uses.
8. **Model Organisms**: Should be relevant for human health studies (e.g., zebrafish for toxicity), ecological impact (cyanobacteria), and hormone research (marine mammals).
### Marine Pollution (5.06)
1. **Oil Spill Effects**:
- **Human Health**: Contaminated fish can enter the food chain.
- **Marine Organisms**: Ingesting oil is toxic; some species can suffer from acute and chronic health effects.
- **Surface Breathers**: Animals like whales can ingest oil while surfacing.
2. **Biomagnification**: The process where concentrations of pollutants increase in organisms at higher trophic levels (e.g., mercury in fish).
3. **Affected Organisms**: Top predators (e.g., eagles, whales) are most affected; less affected are primary producers.
4. **Coastal vs. Open Ocean**: Coastal areas are more vulnerable due to their biodiversity and proximity to human activities.
5. **Cleanup Methods on Shore**:
- Mechanical Recovery: Skimmers to remove oil.
- Bioremediation: Use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants.
- Absorbent Materials: Use of materials to soak up oil.
6. **Booms**: Barriers that contain oil spills, preventing further spread.
7. **Cleanup Methods at Sea**: Similar to shoreline cleanup but includes the use of dispersants, chemical treatments, and controlled burns.
8. **Genetically Modified Bacteria**: Used to enhance natural biodegradation of oil.
9. **Biodiversity Impacts**: Long-term impacts on species composition and ecosystem health following oil spills.
10. **Responder Tools**: Include protective gear, monitoring equipment, and recovery devices to manage spills effectively.
11. **Fish Farms Impact**: Can result in nutrient pollution, habitat degradation, and disease spread among wild fish populations.
12. **Oil Spills and Farming Runoff**: Alters water quality, impacting species richness and ecosystem stability.