The pituitary gland, often termed the "master gland," is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. It plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes through the secretion of hormones that influence growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses.
The pituitary gland is typically divided into two main parts:
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Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis): This portion produces and releases several key hormones, including:
- Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Regulates thyroid function and the production of thyroid hormones.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Control reproductive processes such as ovulation and sperm production.
- Prolactin: Influences breast development and milk production.
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Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis): This part stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus, primarily:
- Oxytocin: Involved in childbirth and lactation, as well as emotional bonding.
- Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH): Regulates water balance and blood pressure by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.
The activity of the pituitary gland is closely regulated by the hypothalamus, which receives signals from the body about various physiological states and adjusts hormone release accordingly. Disorders of the pituitary gland can lead to a range of health issues, including growth disorders, infertility, and metabolic abnormalities.