Question
1. Which country proposed the Open Door Policy?
United States
2. What was the goal of the Schlieffen Plan?
to quickly defeat France in the west and then turn to fight Russia in the east, thereby avoiding a two-front war for Germany.
3. Define the Boxer Rebellion:
a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, aimed at overthrowing the Qing dynasty and expelling foreign influence.
4. What was Germany’s U Boat strategy?
se of submarines to enforce a blockade against the Allies by sinking merchant ships supplying Britain and its allies.
5. Initially the US played what role in WWI?
US played a neutral role in World War I, trying to mediate peace without directly entering the conflict.
6. Whose assassination led to the outbreak of WWI?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
7. When was armistice agreed to by Germany?
November 11, 1918.
8. What was the result of the First Opium War?
was the Treaty of Nanjing, which ceded Hong Kong to Britain and opened several ports to British trade.
9. What was the impact of interchangeable parts?
that it revolutionized manufacturing, allowing for mass production and easier repairs of goods by standardizing components.
10. How did increased agricultural production play a role in the industrial revolution?
11. Increased agricultural production freed up labor, enabled population growth, and supplied more food to urban workers, thus supporting the Industrial Revolution.
12. Who was known as the Sun King? Why?
13. Define Meiji Restoration:
14. Define Realpolitik:
15. Who were the three main leaders or Italian unification?
16. What was the result of the first Battle of the Marne?
17. What did Bismarck mean by “blood and iron”?
18. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen did not extend to whom?
19. Define Treaty of Nanjing?
20. How were European nations able to extend their control over Asia and Africa?
21. What event brought William and Mary to throne in England?
22. Why did Britain begin exporting Opium to China?
23. Who made up the Triple Entente?
24. What was the Zimmerman Note?
25. Define Total War:
26. What theory gave Absolute Monarchs their power?
27. Which legislative body was in place when Napoleon seized power in France?
28. Summarize Napoleons invasion of Russia.
29. How was Britain able to industrialize?
30. For what purpose did Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General in 1789, eventually leading to the French Revolution?
31. Why did the French people welcome Napoleon?
32. What were the ideas of John Locke? Thomas Hobbes?
33. What were the effects of the Factory System?
34. Which country was the first to industrialize?
35. What event led the British government to take control of India?
36. What was the result of trench warfare?
37. How would you describe Germanys position for much of WWI?
38. What helped speed up the industrial revolution? Slow down?
39. What are the three types of nationalist movements?
40. Define Nationalism:
41. What area of the world did Britain focus on after losing the Americas?
42. By 1914, who controlled Africa?
43. What were the major impacts of the Panama Canal?
44. Two fronts of WWI:
45. How was the Homefront impacted by WWI?
46. What was the New Deal? Who proposed it?
47. Why did Japanese forces invade Manchuria?
48. How did Stalin react to the failure of collectivization?
49. What invention aided the British in defending against German air attacks?
50. Why was the Soviet Union surprised by Germany’s attack in 1941?
51. What event brought the US into WWII?
52. What was the outcome of the Siege of Leningrad?
53. What was the significance of the Battle of Coral Sea?
54. Why did the Allies plan an invasion of Western Europe?
55. Goal of the Yalta Conference –
56. Events of D-Day –
57. What was the turning point of WWII for the Soviets?
58. Define Marshall Plan –
59. Define Berlin Blockade –
60. Define Deterrence –
61. Define Mutually Assured Destruction –
62. How did the Cold War end?
63. Why did Soviet Leaders seek to control Eastern Europe?
64. What was the Iron Curtain?
65. What was the US goal in Korea?
66. The French controlled what colonies before WWII?
67. Effects of the Arms Race –
68. Define NATO –
69. Define Warsaw Pact –
70. Events of the Space Race –
71. What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail?
72. What was the Great Purge? Led by who?
73. Define Nuremberg Laws –
74. Events that began WWII –
75. What happened at the Battle of Stalingrad?
76. What reasoning did the Japanese have to attack the United States?
77. Why was the decision to use the Atomic Bomb made?
78. What was the final solution? Where were most camps?
United States
2. What was the goal of the Schlieffen Plan?
to quickly defeat France in the west and then turn to fight Russia in the east, thereby avoiding a two-front war for Germany.
3. Define the Boxer Rebellion:
a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, aimed at overthrowing the Qing dynasty and expelling foreign influence.
4. What was Germany’s U Boat strategy?
se of submarines to enforce a blockade against the Allies by sinking merchant ships supplying Britain and its allies.
5. Initially the US played what role in WWI?
US played a neutral role in World War I, trying to mediate peace without directly entering the conflict.
6. Whose assassination led to the outbreak of WWI?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
7. When was armistice agreed to by Germany?
November 11, 1918.
8. What was the result of the First Opium War?
was the Treaty of Nanjing, which ceded Hong Kong to Britain and opened several ports to British trade.
9. What was the impact of interchangeable parts?
that it revolutionized manufacturing, allowing for mass production and easier repairs of goods by standardizing components.
10. How did increased agricultural production play a role in the industrial revolution?
11. Increased agricultural production freed up labor, enabled population growth, and supplied more food to urban workers, thus supporting the Industrial Revolution.
12. Who was known as the Sun King? Why?
13. Define Meiji Restoration:
14. Define Realpolitik:
15. Who were the three main leaders or Italian unification?
16. What was the result of the first Battle of the Marne?
17. What did Bismarck mean by “blood and iron”?
18. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen did not extend to whom?
19. Define Treaty of Nanjing?
20. How were European nations able to extend their control over Asia and Africa?
21. What event brought William and Mary to throne in England?
22. Why did Britain begin exporting Opium to China?
23. Who made up the Triple Entente?
24. What was the Zimmerman Note?
25. Define Total War:
26. What theory gave Absolute Monarchs their power?
27. Which legislative body was in place when Napoleon seized power in France?
28. Summarize Napoleons invasion of Russia.
29. How was Britain able to industrialize?
30. For what purpose did Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General in 1789, eventually leading to the French Revolution?
31. Why did the French people welcome Napoleon?
32. What were the ideas of John Locke? Thomas Hobbes?
33. What were the effects of the Factory System?
34. Which country was the first to industrialize?
35. What event led the British government to take control of India?
36. What was the result of trench warfare?
37. How would you describe Germanys position for much of WWI?
38. What helped speed up the industrial revolution? Slow down?
39. What are the three types of nationalist movements?
40. Define Nationalism:
41. What area of the world did Britain focus on after losing the Americas?
42. By 1914, who controlled Africa?
43. What were the major impacts of the Panama Canal?
44. Two fronts of WWI:
45. How was the Homefront impacted by WWI?
46. What was the New Deal? Who proposed it?
47. Why did Japanese forces invade Manchuria?
48. How did Stalin react to the failure of collectivization?
49. What invention aided the British in defending against German air attacks?
50. Why was the Soviet Union surprised by Germany’s attack in 1941?
51. What event brought the US into WWII?
52. What was the outcome of the Siege of Leningrad?
53. What was the significance of the Battle of Coral Sea?
54. Why did the Allies plan an invasion of Western Europe?
55. Goal of the Yalta Conference –
56. Events of D-Day –
57. What was the turning point of WWII for the Soviets?
58. Define Marshall Plan –
59. Define Berlin Blockade –
60. Define Deterrence –
61. Define Mutually Assured Destruction –
62. How did the Cold War end?
63. Why did Soviet Leaders seek to control Eastern Europe?
64. What was the Iron Curtain?
65. What was the US goal in Korea?
66. The French controlled what colonies before WWII?
67. Effects of the Arms Race –
68. Define NATO –
69. Define Warsaw Pact –
70. Events of the Space Race –
71. What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail?
72. What was the Great Purge? Led by who?
73. Define Nuremberg Laws –
74. Events that began WWII –
75. What happened at the Battle of Stalingrad?
76. What reasoning did the Japanese have to attack the United States?
77. Why was the decision to use the Atomic Bomb made?
78. What was the final solution? Where were most camps?
Answers
GPT-4o mini
Here are the answers to the questions provided:
12. **Who was known as the Sun King? Why?**
- Louis XIV of France was known as the Sun King (Roi Soleil) because he believed that the sun was the source of life and that his reign mirrored the sun’s central role in the universe. He represented absolute monarchy and centralized power in France.
13. **Define Meiji Restoration:**
- The Meiji Restoration was a political revolution in Japan that restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868. It marked the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the beginning of modernization and industrialization in Japan.
14. **Define Realpolitik:**
- Realpolitik is a political doctrine that emphasizes practical and pragmatic approaches to politics, focusing on power and the interests of the state over moral or ideological considerations.
15. **Who were the three main leaders of Italian unification?**
- The three main leaders of the Italian unification were Camillo di Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and King Victor Emmanuel II.
16. **What was the result of the First Battle of the Marne?**
- The result was a significant Allied victory that halted the German advance into France and led to a stalemate, marking the beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front.
17. **What did Bismarck mean by “blood and iron”?**
- Otto von Bismarck used the phrase "blood and iron" to emphasize that unification of Germany would come about not through speeches and diplomacy but through military force and practical policies.
18. **The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen did not extend to whom?**
- It did not extend to women and enslaved individuals, as it primarily focused on the rights of men.
19. **Define Treaty of Nanjing:**
- The Treaty of Nanjing was signed in 1842 after the First Opium War, imposing unfair conditions on China, including ceding Hong Kong to Britain and opening five ports to British trade, marking the beginning of the era of unequal treaties.
20. **How were European nations able to extend their control over Asia and Africa?**
- European nations expanded their control through military conquest, colonization, treaties, and economic influence, often exploiting local divisions and leveraging superior technology.
21. **What event brought William and Mary to throne in England?**
- The Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought William of Orange and his wife Mary to the throne, establishing constitutional monarchy and limiting the powers of the monarchy.
22. **Why did Britain begin exporting Opium to China?**
- Britain began exporting opium to China to balance trade deficits from importing tea, silk, and porcelain, leading to addiction problems in China and contributing to the Opium Wars.
23. **Who made up the Triple Entente?**
- The Triple Entente was made up of France, Russia, and Great Britain.
24. **What was the Zimmerman Note?**
- The Zimmerman Note was a secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico that proposed a military alliance against the United States during WWI; its interception led to increased US involvement.
25. **Define Total War:**
- Total war is a war strategy where nations mobilize all available resources (military and civilian) for the war effort, and civilian infrastructure and populations are often targeted.
26. **What theory gave Absolute Monarchs their power?**
- The theory of divine right of kings gave absolute monarchs their power, asserting that they were chosen by God to rule and were accountable only to God.
27. **Which legislative body was in place when Napoleon seized power in France?**
- The Directory was the legislative body in place when Napoleon seized power in the Coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799.
28. **Summarize Napoleon’s invasion of Russia.**
- Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812 aimed to compel Tsar Alexander I to rejoin the Continental System. It ended disastrously for France due to harsh weather, scorched earth tactics, and logistical failures, resulting in massive French losses.
29. **How was Britain able to industrialize?**
- Britain had access to natural resources (coal and iron), a stable political environment, a strong navy for trade, and a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship.
30. **For what purpose did Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General in 1789?**
- Louis XVI called the meeting to address France’s financial crisis and seek solutions to the economic troubles the nation faced.
31. **Why did the French people welcome Napoleon?**
- The French people welcomed Napoleon because he promised order, stability, and the preservation of revolutionary gains after years of chaos during the revolution.
32. **What were the ideas of John Locke? Thomas Hobbes?**
- John Locke believed in the social contract, natural rights (life, liberty, property), and the idea that government should be accountable to the governed. Thomas Hobbes believed in a strong, centralized authority to avoid chaos and maintain social order, as expressed in his work "Leviathan."
33. **What were the effects of the Factory System?**
- The factory system led to mass production, increased efficiency, urbanization, harsh working conditions, and the emergence of a distinct working class.
34. **Which country was the first to industrialize?**
- Great Britain was the first country to industrialize, beginning in the late 18th century.
35. **What event led the British government to take control of India?**
- The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, led to the British government formally taking control of India from the British East India Company.
36. **What was the result of trench warfare?**
- Trench warfare resulted in a stalemate on the Western Front, massive casualties, and a war of attrition where progress was slow and costly.
37. **How would you describe Germany’s position for much of WWI?**
- Germany was in a challenging position, initially advancing but ultimately facing a two-front war and fighting against overwhelming numbers and resources as the war dragged on.
38. **What helped speed up the industrial revolution? Slow down?**
- Technological innovations, access to resources, and capital helped speed up the Industrial Revolution; factors that could slow it down included labor strikes, economic recessions, and natural disasters.
39. **What are the three types of nationalist movements?**
- The three types of nationalist movements are unification (e.g., Italy and Germany), independence (e.g., India, Algeria), and separatism (e.g., Quebec, Catalonia).
40. **Define Nationalism:**
- Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the interests, culture, and identity of a particular nation, often advocating for self-governance or independence for a group sharing common heritage and language.
41. **What area of the world did Britain focus on after losing the Americas?**
- After losing the Americas, Britain focused on expanding its influence and control in Asia, particularly through India and parts of Southeast Asia.
42. **By 1914, who controlled Africa?**
- By 1914, most of Africa was divided and controlled by European powers, including Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy.
43. **What were the major impacts of the Panama Canal?**
- The Panama Canal drastically reduced travel time for ships between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, boosting trade and military movement, and solidifying U.S. influence in Central America.
44. **Two fronts of WWI:**
- The two fronts of WWI were the Western Front, characterized by trench warfare and a stalemate in France and Belgium, and the Eastern Front, where fighting occurred between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.
45. **How was the Homefront impacted by WWI?**
- The Homefront during WWI saw increased industrial production, rationing, women entering the workforce, and shifts in social roles as nations mobilized for the war effort.
46. **What was the New Deal? Who proposed it?**
- The New Deal was a series of programs and reforms proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the Great Depression, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.
47. **Why did Japanese forces invade Manchuria?**
- Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 to secure resources, expand its territory, and assert its dominance in Asia amid growing economic and political pressures.
48. **How did Stalin react to the failure of collectivization?**
- Stalin intensified repression, blaming kulaks (wealthier peasants) and implementing strict measures, including forced grain requisitioning, resulting in famines and widespread suffering.
49. **What invention aided the British in defending against German air attacks?**
- The invention of radar significantly aided the British in detecting and responding to German air attacks during the Battle of Britain.
50. **Why was the Soviet Union surprised by Germany’s attack in 1941?**
- The Soviet Union was surprised by the attack (Operation Barbarossa) due to a non-aggression pact with Germany, which led them to underestimate the threat and delay mobilization.
51. **What event brought the US into WWII?**
- The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7, 1941, brought the United States into World War II.
52. **What was the outcome of the Siege of Leningrad?**
- The Siege of Leningrad lasted nearly 900 days, resulting in immense civilian suffering and death, but the city ultimately held out against German forces until it was lifted in January 1944.
53. **What was the significance of the Battle of Coral Sea?**
- The Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) was significant as it marked the first major naval battle fought entirely by aircraft carriers and halted the Japanese advance towards Australia.
54. **Why did the Allies plan an invasion of Western Europe?**
- The Allies planned an invasion of Western Europe (D-Day) to open a new front against Nazi Germany, relieve pressure on Soviet forces in the east, and facilitate the liberation of occupied territories.
55. **Goal of the Yalta Conference:**
- The goal of the Yalta Conference (February 1945) was to discuss the reorganization of post-war Europe, address the fate of Germany, and plan for the establishment of the United Nations.
56. **Events of D-Day:**
- D-Day, June 6, 1944, involved the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France at Normandy, including airborne assaults and a massive amphibious landing, marking a turning point in the war.
57. **What was the turning point of WWII for the Soviets?**
- The turning point of WWII for the Soviets was the Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943), where the Red Army decisively defeated the German forces, leading to a series of Soviet offensives.
58. **Define Marshall Plan:**
- The Marshall Plan was a U.S. initiative launched in 1948 to provide economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II, aiming to prevent the spread of communism.
59. **Define Berlin Blockade:**
- The Berlin Blockade (1948-1949) was a Soviet attempt to cut off access to West Berlin in response to the introduction of a new currency, prompting the Allied Berlin Airlift to supply the city.
60. **Define Deterrence:**
- Deterrence is a military strategy to prevent adversaries from acting aggressively by maintaining a credible threat of retaliation, often associated with nuclear arsenals during the Cold War.
61. **Define Mutually Assured Destruction:**
- Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy whereby both sides possess the capability to inflict unacceptable damage in retaliation to an attack, thus deterring conflict.
62. **How did the Cold War end?**
- The Cold War ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, following a series of reforms (Glasnost and Perestroika) and the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe.
63. **Why did Soviet Leaders seek to control Eastern Europe?**
- Soviet leaders sought to control Eastern Europe to create a buffer zone against potential invasions, spread communism, and maintain influence over neighboring countries.
64. **What was the Iron Curtain?**
- The Iron Curtain was a term used to describe the division between Western (capitalist) and Eastern (communist) Europe during the Cold War, symbolizing the ideological conflict.
65. **What was the US goal in Korea?**
- The US goal in Korea was to contain the spread of communism, support the South Korean government, and prevent a communist takeover of the Korean Peninsula.
66. **The French controlled what colonies before WWII?**
- Before WWII, France controlled numerous colonies, including Algeria, Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), parts of West Africa, and Madagascar.
67. **Effects of the Arms Race:**
- The arms race led to increased military spending, development of nuclear weapons, heightened tensions and paranoia, and the strategy of deterrence during the Cold War.
68. **Define NATO:**
- NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military alliance established in 1949 for mutual defense between member countries, primarily in North America and Europe, against the Soviet threat.
69. **Define Warsaw Pact:**
- The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance established in 1955 between the Soviet Union and several Eastern Bloc countries in response to NATO, serving as a counterbalance in the Cold War.
70. **Events of the Space Race:**
- The Space Race was marked by key events such as the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957, the first human in space (Yuri Gagarin in 1961), and the US Apollo moon landing in 1969.
71. **What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail?**
- The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a network of supply routes used by North Vietnam to transport troops and supplies to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, often through Laos and Cambodia.
72. **What was the Great Purge? Led by who?**
- The Great Purge was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938, led by Joseph Stalin, targeting perceived enemies and resulting in executions and imprisonments.
73. **Define Nuremberg Laws:**
- The Nuremberg Laws, enacted in 1935, were anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany that stripped Jews of citizenship and barred them from marrying or having sexual relations with "Aryans."
74. **Events that began WWII:**
- World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, followed by Britain and France declaring war on Germany.
75. **What happened at the Battle of Stalingrad?**
- The Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943) was a brutal and pivotal conflict where the Soviet Union encircled and defeated the German Sixth Army, marking a significant turning point in the war.
76. **What reasoning did the Japanese have to attack the United States?**
- Japan attacked the United States to incapacitate the U.S. Pacific Fleet, prevent interference with its expansionist goals in Southeast Asia, and secure resources needed for war.
77. **Why was the decision to use the Atomic Bomb made?**
- The decision to use the Atomic Bomb was made to bring a swift end to World War II, save lives of both Americans and Japanese that might be lost in a prolonged invasion of Japan, and demonstrate power, particularly to the Soviet Union.
78. **What was the final solution? Where were most camps?**
- The Final Solution was the Nazi plan for the systematic extermination of Jews during the Holocaust, with most concentration and extermination camps located in Poland, including Auschwitz, Treblinka, and Sobibor.
12. **Who was known as the Sun King? Why?**
- Louis XIV of France was known as the Sun King (Roi Soleil) because he believed that the sun was the source of life and that his reign mirrored the sun’s central role in the universe. He represented absolute monarchy and centralized power in France.
13. **Define Meiji Restoration:**
- The Meiji Restoration was a political revolution in Japan that restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868. It marked the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the beginning of modernization and industrialization in Japan.
14. **Define Realpolitik:**
- Realpolitik is a political doctrine that emphasizes practical and pragmatic approaches to politics, focusing on power and the interests of the state over moral or ideological considerations.
15. **Who were the three main leaders of Italian unification?**
- The three main leaders of the Italian unification were Camillo di Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and King Victor Emmanuel II.
16. **What was the result of the First Battle of the Marne?**
- The result was a significant Allied victory that halted the German advance into France and led to a stalemate, marking the beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front.
17. **What did Bismarck mean by “blood and iron”?**
- Otto von Bismarck used the phrase "blood and iron" to emphasize that unification of Germany would come about not through speeches and diplomacy but through military force and practical policies.
18. **The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen did not extend to whom?**
- It did not extend to women and enslaved individuals, as it primarily focused on the rights of men.
19. **Define Treaty of Nanjing:**
- The Treaty of Nanjing was signed in 1842 after the First Opium War, imposing unfair conditions on China, including ceding Hong Kong to Britain and opening five ports to British trade, marking the beginning of the era of unequal treaties.
20. **How were European nations able to extend their control over Asia and Africa?**
- European nations expanded their control through military conquest, colonization, treaties, and economic influence, often exploiting local divisions and leveraging superior technology.
21. **What event brought William and Mary to throne in England?**
- The Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought William of Orange and his wife Mary to the throne, establishing constitutional monarchy and limiting the powers of the monarchy.
22. **Why did Britain begin exporting Opium to China?**
- Britain began exporting opium to China to balance trade deficits from importing tea, silk, and porcelain, leading to addiction problems in China and contributing to the Opium Wars.
23. **Who made up the Triple Entente?**
- The Triple Entente was made up of France, Russia, and Great Britain.
24. **What was the Zimmerman Note?**
- The Zimmerman Note was a secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico that proposed a military alliance against the United States during WWI; its interception led to increased US involvement.
25. **Define Total War:**
- Total war is a war strategy where nations mobilize all available resources (military and civilian) for the war effort, and civilian infrastructure and populations are often targeted.
26. **What theory gave Absolute Monarchs their power?**
- The theory of divine right of kings gave absolute monarchs their power, asserting that they were chosen by God to rule and were accountable only to God.
27. **Which legislative body was in place when Napoleon seized power in France?**
- The Directory was the legislative body in place when Napoleon seized power in the Coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799.
28. **Summarize Napoleon’s invasion of Russia.**
- Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812 aimed to compel Tsar Alexander I to rejoin the Continental System. It ended disastrously for France due to harsh weather, scorched earth tactics, and logistical failures, resulting in massive French losses.
29. **How was Britain able to industrialize?**
- Britain had access to natural resources (coal and iron), a stable political environment, a strong navy for trade, and a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship.
30. **For what purpose did Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General in 1789?**
- Louis XVI called the meeting to address France’s financial crisis and seek solutions to the economic troubles the nation faced.
31. **Why did the French people welcome Napoleon?**
- The French people welcomed Napoleon because he promised order, stability, and the preservation of revolutionary gains after years of chaos during the revolution.
32. **What were the ideas of John Locke? Thomas Hobbes?**
- John Locke believed in the social contract, natural rights (life, liberty, property), and the idea that government should be accountable to the governed. Thomas Hobbes believed in a strong, centralized authority to avoid chaos and maintain social order, as expressed in his work "Leviathan."
33. **What were the effects of the Factory System?**
- The factory system led to mass production, increased efficiency, urbanization, harsh working conditions, and the emergence of a distinct working class.
34. **Which country was the first to industrialize?**
- Great Britain was the first country to industrialize, beginning in the late 18th century.
35. **What event led the British government to take control of India?**
- The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, led to the British government formally taking control of India from the British East India Company.
36. **What was the result of trench warfare?**
- Trench warfare resulted in a stalemate on the Western Front, massive casualties, and a war of attrition where progress was slow and costly.
37. **How would you describe Germany’s position for much of WWI?**
- Germany was in a challenging position, initially advancing but ultimately facing a two-front war and fighting against overwhelming numbers and resources as the war dragged on.
38. **What helped speed up the industrial revolution? Slow down?**
- Technological innovations, access to resources, and capital helped speed up the Industrial Revolution; factors that could slow it down included labor strikes, economic recessions, and natural disasters.
39. **What are the three types of nationalist movements?**
- The three types of nationalist movements are unification (e.g., Italy and Germany), independence (e.g., India, Algeria), and separatism (e.g., Quebec, Catalonia).
40. **Define Nationalism:**
- Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the interests, culture, and identity of a particular nation, often advocating for self-governance or independence for a group sharing common heritage and language.
41. **What area of the world did Britain focus on after losing the Americas?**
- After losing the Americas, Britain focused on expanding its influence and control in Asia, particularly through India and parts of Southeast Asia.
42. **By 1914, who controlled Africa?**
- By 1914, most of Africa was divided and controlled by European powers, including Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy.
43. **What were the major impacts of the Panama Canal?**
- The Panama Canal drastically reduced travel time for ships between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, boosting trade and military movement, and solidifying U.S. influence in Central America.
44. **Two fronts of WWI:**
- The two fronts of WWI were the Western Front, characterized by trench warfare and a stalemate in France and Belgium, and the Eastern Front, where fighting occurred between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.
45. **How was the Homefront impacted by WWI?**
- The Homefront during WWI saw increased industrial production, rationing, women entering the workforce, and shifts in social roles as nations mobilized for the war effort.
46. **What was the New Deal? Who proposed it?**
- The New Deal was a series of programs and reforms proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the Great Depression, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.
47. **Why did Japanese forces invade Manchuria?**
- Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 to secure resources, expand its territory, and assert its dominance in Asia amid growing economic and political pressures.
48. **How did Stalin react to the failure of collectivization?**
- Stalin intensified repression, blaming kulaks (wealthier peasants) and implementing strict measures, including forced grain requisitioning, resulting in famines and widespread suffering.
49. **What invention aided the British in defending against German air attacks?**
- The invention of radar significantly aided the British in detecting and responding to German air attacks during the Battle of Britain.
50. **Why was the Soviet Union surprised by Germany’s attack in 1941?**
- The Soviet Union was surprised by the attack (Operation Barbarossa) due to a non-aggression pact with Germany, which led them to underestimate the threat and delay mobilization.
51. **What event brought the US into WWII?**
- The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7, 1941, brought the United States into World War II.
52. **What was the outcome of the Siege of Leningrad?**
- The Siege of Leningrad lasted nearly 900 days, resulting in immense civilian suffering and death, but the city ultimately held out against German forces until it was lifted in January 1944.
53. **What was the significance of the Battle of Coral Sea?**
- The Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) was significant as it marked the first major naval battle fought entirely by aircraft carriers and halted the Japanese advance towards Australia.
54. **Why did the Allies plan an invasion of Western Europe?**
- The Allies planned an invasion of Western Europe (D-Day) to open a new front against Nazi Germany, relieve pressure on Soviet forces in the east, and facilitate the liberation of occupied territories.
55. **Goal of the Yalta Conference:**
- The goal of the Yalta Conference (February 1945) was to discuss the reorganization of post-war Europe, address the fate of Germany, and plan for the establishment of the United Nations.
56. **Events of D-Day:**
- D-Day, June 6, 1944, involved the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France at Normandy, including airborne assaults and a massive amphibious landing, marking a turning point in the war.
57. **What was the turning point of WWII for the Soviets?**
- The turning point of WWII for the Soviets was the Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943), where the Red Army decisively defeated the German forces, leading to a series of Soviet offensives.
58. **Define Marshall Plan:**
- The Marshall Plan was a U.S. initiative launched in 1948 to provide economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II, aiming to prevent the spread of communism.
59. **Define Berlin Blockade:**
- The Berlin Blockade (1948-1949) was a Soviet attempt to cut off access to West Berlin in response to the introduction of a new currency, prompting the Allied Berlin Airlift to supply the city.
60. **Define Deterrence:**
- Deterrence is a military strategy to prevent adversaries from acting aggressively by maintaining a credible threat of retaliation, often associated with nuclear arsenals during the Cold War.
61. **Define Mutually Assured Destruction:**
- Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy whereby both sides possess the capability to inflict unacceptable damage in retaliation to an attack, thus deterring conflict.
62. **How did the Cold War end?**
- The Cold War ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, following a series of reforms (Glasnost and Perestroika) and the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe.
63. **Why did Soviet Leaders seek to control Eastern Europe?**
- Soviet leaders sought to control Eastern Europe to create a buffer zone against potential invasions, spread communism, and maintain influence over neighboring countries.
64. **What was the Iron Curtain?**
- The Iron Curtain was a term used to describe the division between Western (capitalist) and Eastern (communist) Europe during the Cold War, symbolizing the ideological conflict.
65. **What was the US goal in Korea?**
- The US goal in Korea was to contain the spread of communism, support the South Korean government, and prevent a communist takeover of the Korean Peninsula.
66. **The French controlled what colonies before WWII?**
- Before WWII, France controlled numerous colonies, including Algeria, Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), parts of West Africa, and Madagascar.
67. **Effects of the Arms Race:**
- The arms race led to increased military spending, development of nuclear weapons, heightened tensions and paranoia, and the strategy of deterrence during the Cold War.
68. **Define NATO:**
- NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military alliance established in 1949 for mutual defense between member countries, primarily in North America and Europe, against the Soviet threat.
69. **Define Warsaw Pact:**
- The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance established in 1955 between the Soviet Union and several Eastern Bloc countries in response to NATO, serving as a counterbalance in the Cold War.
70. **Events of the Space Race:**
- The Space Race was marked by key events such as the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957, the first human in space (Yuri Gagarin in 1961), and the US Apollo moon landing in 1969.
71. **What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail?**
- The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a network of supply routes used by North Vietnam to transport troops and supplies to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, often through Laos and Cambodia.
72. **What was the Great Purge? Led by who?**
- The Great Purge was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938, led by Joseph Stalin, targeting perceived enemies and resulting in executions and imprisonments.
73. **Define Nuremberg Laws:**
- The Nuremberg Laws, enacted in 1935, were anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany that stripped Jews of citizenship and barred them from marrying or having sexual relations with "Aryans."
74. **Events that began WWII:**
- World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, followed by Britain and France declaring war on Germany.
75. **What happened at the Battle of Stalingrad?**
- The Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943) was a brutal and pivotal conflict where the Soviet Union encircled and defeated the German Sixth Army, marking a significant turning point in the war.
76. **What reasoning did the Japanese have to attack the United States?**
- Japan attacked the United States to incapacitate the U.S. Pacific Fleet, prevent interference with its expansionist goals in Southeast Asia, and secure resources needed for war.
77. **Why was the decision to use the Atomic Bomb made?**
- The decision to use the Atomic Bomb was made to bring a swift end to World War II, save lives of both Americans and Japanese that might be lost in a prolonged invasion of Japan, and demonstrate power, particularly to the Soviet Union.
78. **What was the final solution? Where were most camps?**
- The Final Solution was the Nazi plan for the systematic extermination of Jews during the Holocaust, with most concentration and extermination camps located in Poland, including Auschwitz, Treblinka, and Sobibor.