by Virginia Morell
1 Elephants know when they need a helping hand - or rather, trunk. That's the conclusion of a new study that tested the cooperative skills of Asian elephants (Eiephas maximus) in Thailand and showed that the pachyderms understand that they will fail at a task without a partner's assistance. The ability to recognize that you sometimes need a little help from your friends is a sign of higher social cognition, psychologists say, and is rarely found in other species. Elephants now join an elite club of social cooperators: chimpanzees, hyenas, rooks, and humans.
2 To test the elephants' cooperation skills, a team of scientists modified a classic experiment first administered to chimpanzees in the 1930s, which requires two animals work together to earn a treat. If they don't cooperate, neither gets the reward. For the elephants, the researchers used a sliding table with a single rope threaded around it. Two bowls of corn were attached to the table, but the elephants could reach them only by pulling two ends of the rope simultaneously. Working with mahout-Asian elephant trainers-trained elephants at the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in Lam pang, the researchers first taught individual animals to pull the rope with their trunks. The 12 elephants were then divided into six pairs, and each pair was released to walk to their waiting ropes. If one animal pulled the rope before the other, the rope would slip out, leaving the table-and treats-in place. "That taught them to pull together," says Joshua Plotnik, a postdoc in experimental psychology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom and the lead author of the study, which appears online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
3 To find out if the elephants understood that they needed one another's assistance, the researchers upped the challenge by releasing the elephants at different times. Thus, one elephant would arrive at the table before the other and would have to wait for a partner to show up before pulling the rope. "They learned to do this faster than the chimpanzees," says Plotnik. "They would stand there holding their end of the rope, just waiting." In another experiment, the partner's rope was placed out of reach. "When the partner couldn't do anything, the other one would just give up," Plotnik says. That shows the elephants understood why the partner was needed, he adds.
4 "These are clever experiments," says Karen McComb, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom who studies social cognition in wild elephants. The findings are consistent with observations in nature, she says. For instance, in East Africa biologists have seen elephants work together to lift a fallen companion with their tusks. "It's particularly striking that the elephants were able to inhibit pulling" longer than chimpanzees do, says comparative psychologist Nicola Clayton of the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. She and her team showed that rooks, too, could pass a similar dual-rope exam, although they failed to wait. The study "adds to the growing body of evidence that elephants show some impressive cognitive abilities."
Elephants Can Lend a Helping Trunk by Virginia Morell, from Science, March 2011 issue. Copyright© 2011 by American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reprinted by permission of AAAS.
Multiple Choice Question
What information does the photograph NOT communicate that the article provides?
A.
The photograph does not detail how the elephants communicate with each other.
B.
The photograph does not display the type of habitat in which the elephants live.
C.
The photograph does not demonstrate the size of the research materials.
D.
The photograph does not illustrate possible results of the experiment.
1 answer
The correct answer is D. The photograph does not illustrate possible results of the experiment.
The article discusses the cognitive abilities of elephants and the details of the experiments conducted, but a photograph would typically not be able to convey results directly. Options A, B, and C all pertain to specific types of information that a photograph could fail to communicate, but D specifically addresses the concept of results, which would not be visually represented in a photograph.
