European rivalry in the late 19th century significantly influenced New Guinea's annexation, as various colonial powers sought to expand their territories and assert dominance in the Pacific region. The competition between nations such as Britain, Germany, and France created a geopolitical atmosphere where control over strategic territories became crucial. The discovery of gold and other resources in New Guinea heightened these interests, prompting these nations to claim parts of the island to secure economic benefits and territorial advantages.
In 1883, German explorers laid claim to the northeastern part of New Guinea, directly challenging British interests in the region. In response, Britain sought to consolidate its holdings and protect its colonial routes in Australia and the Pacific. This rivalry culminated in the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, where European powers formalized their claims over regions in Africa and the Pacific, establishing boundaries without regard for Indigenous populations. By 1888, Germany officially annexed its portion of New Guinea, while Britain's interests led to the proclamation of British New Guinea in 1888, highlighting how European competition shaped the territories and political landscapes of the Pacific.