To learn about the amount of rainfall and the kinds of plants that grew during a specific time period several thousand years ago, scientists should study Fossilized Pollen and Tree rings.
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Fossilized Pollen: Pollen grains can indicate the types of plants that were present in an area at a particular time, allowing researchers to infer the types of vegetation that were growing and the climatic conditions that supported them.
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Tree rings: The width and density of tree rings can provide information about climate conditions, including rainfall. Wider rings generally indicate years of abundant rainfall, while narrower rings can suggest drier conditions.
These two options would provide complementary information regarding past climates and vegetation.