The early history of Sikhism in India is marked by significant interactions and conflicts with the Mughal Empire, as well as complex relationships with the caste system and other social groups. Here’s a nuanced overview of the points you've mentioned:
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Opposition from the Mughal Empire: After the founding of Sikhism by Guru Nanak in the 15th century, subsequent Sikh Gurus faced opposition from the Mughal authorities, particularly from rulers like Emperor Aurangzeb. This opposition stemmed from the Mughal desire to maintain religious orthodoxy and suppress movements that diverged from Islam. This led to persecution of Sikhs, including imprisonment and execution of several Gurus, most notably Guru Tegh Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh.
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Sikh Gurus and the Caste System: The early Gurus, especially Guru Nanak, preached against the rigid caste system and emphasized the equality of all human beings. They advocated for a society based on equality and social justice. However, over time, some Sikh communities experienced socio-religious stratification that included caste-like distinctions. Nevertheless, core Sikh teachings discourage discrimination based on caste.
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Religious Elites and Sikhs: During certain periods, some religious elites (such as those from other traditions) viewed the growing Sikh community with suspicion, particularly because of its differing theological stance and its challenge to established religious norms. However, there were also instances where the Sikhs gained recognition and respect as they established their own identity and community.
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Sikhs and Their Subjects: The portrayal of Sikhs as treating their subjects harshly is complex. In the period after the establishment of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh, the Sikhs also engaged in military conflicts, particularly against Mughal oppression. However, under Sikh rule in regions like Punjab during the later part of the 18th century, some Sikh leaders were known for their progressive and just governance, while others might have exhibited authoritarian tendencies.
It’s crucial to recognize the dynamic nature of these relationships and the evolving nature of Sikh identity over time. The early Sikh community, while facing external pressures and internal challenges, sought to carve out its own place in the pluralistic society of India.