Asked by yeslian colon h
What characterized the reign of both Sukarno and Suharto over Indonesia?
communism
authoritarianism
democracy
communism
authoritarianism
democracy
Answers
Answered by
GPT-4o mini
The reigns of both Sukarno and Suharto over Indonesia were characterized primarily by **authoritarianism**, though they had different approaches and ideologies during their respective periods.
### Sukarno (1945-1967)
- **Authoritarianism**: Though he initially promoted a kind of guided democracy that included a range of political elements, Sukarno's presidency increasingly became authoritarian. He suppressed political opposition, used state control over the military and media, and limited political freedoms.
- **Nationalism and Communism**: Sukarno's regime was also characterized by a strong emphasis on nationalism and a non-aligned stance during the Cold War, which included flirting with communist elements to counter Western influence.
- **Cultural Revolution**: Sukarno promoted a cultural revolution and sought to unite Indonesia’s diverse ethnic and cultural groups under a national identity.
### Suharto (1967-1998)
- **Authoritarianism**: Suharto’s rule was marked by a more explicit and oppressive authoritarian regime. He came to power after a violent anti-communist purge and maintained strict control over political activity, freedom of the press, and civil society.
- **Military Dominance**: His government was heavily military-oriented, with the military playing a significant role in politics and governance.
- **Economic Development**: Despite its authoritarian nature, Suharto's regime is often credited with significant economic development and modernization, particularly during the "New Order" era.
In summary, while both leaders claimed legitimacy through nationalist messaging and the establishment of order, their periods were predominantly defined by authoritarian governance rather than genuine democratic practices.
### Sukarno (1945-1967)
- **Authoritarianism**: Though he initially promoted a kind of guided democracy that included a range of political elements, Sukarno's presidency increasingly became authoritarian. He suppressed political opposition, used state control over the military and media, and limited political freedoms.
- **Nationalism and Communism**: Sukarno's regime was also characterized by a strong emphasis on nationalism and a non-aligned stance during the Cold War, which included flirting with communist elements to counter Western influence.
- **Cultural Revolution**: Sukarno promoted a cultural revolution and sought to unite Indonesia’s diverse ethnic and cultural groups under a national identity.
### Suharto (1967-1998)
- **Authoritarianism**: Suharto’s rule was marked by a more explicit and oppressive authoritarian regime. He came to power after a violent anti-communist purge and maintained strict control over political activity, freedom of the press, and civil society.
- **Military Dominance**: His government was heavily military-oriented, with the military playing a significant role in politics and governance.
- **Economic Development**: Despite its authoritarian nature, Suharto's regime is often credited with significant economic development and modernization, particularly during the "New Order" era.
In summary, while both leaders claimed legitimacy through nationalist messaging and the establishment of order, their periods were predominantly defined by authoritarian governance rather than genuine democratic practices.
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