The scenario you described involves the initial appearance of a suspect in front of a magistrate court judge. During this hearing, the charges against the suspect are explained, and the judge determines whether the suspect will be released on bail, which involves the temporary release of the individual in exchange for some form of security ensuring their presence at future court hearings.
Here's a brief overview of the other terms you mentioned:
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Preliminary hearing: A hearing before a judge to determine if there is enough evidence to proceed with a trial. This typically occurs after the initial appearance.
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Arraignment: A court proceeding where the defendant formally hears the charges against them and enters a plea (guilty, not guilty, or no contest).
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Grand jury indictment: A formal charge or accusation of a serious crime, typically decided by a grand jury, which is separate from the preliminary hearing.
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Plea bargaining: A negotiation between the defendant and prosecutor in which the defendant may plead guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a more lenient sentence or dismissal of other charges.
In summary, in your scenario, the initial appearance is the correct term for the situation described.