Here are the challenges to development in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa based on the provided labels:
- Debt and economic dependence on foreign nations
- Public health concerns, including HIV/AIDS
- Education gap due to lack of state-funded schools
- Lack of clean drinking water
The other options, such as proxy wars, continued involvement of colonial governments, and apartheid-like governments, are historical challenges and not contemporary issues in the same way that the selected labels are.