Based on the observation that humans, mice, and giraffes all have seven vertebrae in their necks, scientists can conclude:
C) These animals descended from a common ancestor.
This conclusion is supported by the idea that the shared trait of having seven cervical vertebrae likely originates from a common ancestor, which is a principle in evolutionary biology. The option suggesting that all vertebrates have seven cervical vertebrae (D) is incorrect, as there are exceptions among different species.