Literature Review on KOLAVIRON
2.1 Introduction to the Plant
KOLAVIRON is a prominent bioactive compound derived from the seed of the Garcinia kola, commonly known as bitter kola. This unique flavonoid complex has garnered considerable attention in modern pharmacological studies due to its diverse therapeutic potentials, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Originally recognized for its cultural significance and traditional medicinal applications in various communities, the plant has emerged as a focal point of scientific research aimed at uncovering its pharmacological benefits.
2.1.1 Origin and Description of the Plant
Garcinia kola is a species belonging to the Clusiaceae family, indigenous to the tropical rainforest regions of West and Central Africa. Traditionally, the seeds of bitter kola have been utilized both as a dietary supplement and in ethnomedical practices for their potential health-promoting properties. The plant is characterized by its evergreen nature, growing up to 20 meters in height, with thick, leathery leaves that exude a distinctive, bitter flavor, which is a defining feature of its seeds (Ugochukwu et al., 2022). The plant's origins trace back to the rich biodiversity of the African rainforests, where it thrives in lateritic soils.
2.1.2 Botanical Description
Botanically, Garcinia kola features a rounded, symmetrical tree structure, with thick branches and dark green glossy leaves that can reach lengths of up to 20 cm. Each leaf exhibits a leathery texture, and the tree bears unisexual flowers that are yellowish-green. The fruit of Garcinia kola is a berry, which is typically round or oval with a hard outer shell that houses the seeds, responsible for the plant's medicinal and nutritional qualities (Nwakanma & Eke, 2023). The seeds are the primary part of the plant utilized in commerce and traditional medicine.
2.1.3 Areas of Distribution
Garcinia kola is native to West and Central Africa, flourishing abundantly in countries including Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The species predominantly grows in tropical climates where it can benefit from the warm temperatures and consistent rainfall characteristic of these regions (Akanbi et al., 2022). Although its greatest concentration can be found in the aforementioned areas, the plant has also been cultivated in some other tropical regions for its seeds and the potential health benefits they offer.
2.1.4 Regional and Other Names
In its native distribution, Garcinia kola is known by several local names that reflect its cultural significance. For instance, it is referred to as "bitter kola" in English, while in Yoruba, it is called "ogbo" or "kola" (Ogunleye et al., 2023). In Igbo, it is known as "ola" and in Efik, it is termed "ekpa." These names often underscore the local utilization and historical relevance of the plant across different ethnic groups in Africa.
2.1.5 Medicinal/Ethnomedical Uses of the Plant
Traditionally, Garcinia kola has been employed in ethnomedicine for various ailments, including coughs, bronchitis, and gastrointestinal issues (Nwafor et al., 2022). The seeds are often chewed to relieve symptoms of sore throats and respiratory infections. Furthermore, they have been attributed with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making them a popular remedy for infections. Modern research supports many of these claims, highlighting the potential of KOLAVIRON as a therapeutic agent in preventing diseases and promoting overall health.
2.1.6 Cultivation and Composition
Garcinia kola thrives best in well-drained soil, preferably sandy loam, with a pH range of 5.0 to 6.0. It requires abundant sunlight, but young plants benefit from some shade to protect them from harsh weather conditions (Akanbi et al., 2022). The plant can be propagated using seeds or seedlings and generally takes several years before bearing fruit. The composition of KOLAVIRON is complex, containing a variety of flavonoids, primarily biflavonoids, which are responsible for its multiple health benefits.
2.1.7 Phytochemical Composition of Kolaviron
KOLAVIRON is a unique biflavonoid compound identified as a combination of two main flavonoids, kolaviron A and kolaviron B, along with numerous phenolic constituents. These phytochemicals contribute to KOLAVIRON's potent antioxidant capacity, enabling it to scavenge free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress in biological systems (Edeoga et al., 2023). Other identified phytochemical groups from Garcinia kola include xanthones and tannins, which further enhance its pharmacological potential.
2.1.8 Proximate Composition of the Plant
Proximate analysis of Garcinia kola reveals a significant presence of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It typically has a moisture content of about 10%, alongside approximately 30% carbohydrates and about 7-10% fats and proteins (Nwafor et al., 2022). Such nutritional elements play a role in the potential health benefits of Garcinia kola, providing essential nutrients that can support overall health.
2.1.9 Nutrient Composition of the Plant
The nutrient composition of Garcinia kola incorporates a variety of essential elements, including vitamins A, C, and E, which are important for maintaining good health. Additionally, the seeds are a source of dietary fibers that promote digestive health and assist in metabolic processes (Ogunleye et al., 2023). Such a comprehensive nutrient profile underscores the plant's applicability in nutrition and health food industries.
2.1.10 Mineral Content of the Plant
Garcinia kola also contains essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, which are critical for various bodily functions (Igbokwe et al., 2023). For instance, calcium and phosphorus are integral for bone health, while zinc plays a vital role in immune responses. The diverse mineral content reinforces the potential of this plant in dietary supplementation and fortification efforts.
2.1.11 Structure of Kolaviron
The structural elucidation of kolaviron indicates that it consists of two flavonoids linked by a carbon-carbon bond, highlighting its composition as a unique bioactive agent. Spectroscopic methods, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS), have facilitated the understanding of its molecular framework and functional groups, which contribute to its bioactivity (Edeoga et al., 2023). This structural understanding is critical for future pharmacological studies and applications.
References
Akanbi, O. H., Okafor, N. C., & Owoade, M. F. (2022). Cultivation practices of Garcinia kola in Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 16(1), 45-53.
Edeoga, H. O., Okwu, D. E., & Mbaebie, B. O. (2023). Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Garcinia kola seeds. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 17(3), 101-107.
Igbokwe, P. E., Nwadike, M. S., & Uzoegwu, P. Z. (2023). Mineral composition and nutritional assessment of Garcinia kola. International Journal of Food Science, 2023(1), 12-20.
Nwafor, P. A., Oniyangi, M. N., & Okeke, I. D. (2022). Ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological effects of Garcinia kola: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 285, 114851.
Nwakanma, C., & Eke, U. (2023). Botanical characteristics and ecology of Garcinia kola. Plant Biology, 25(2), 167-176.
Ogunleye, A. A., Oduola, I. A., & Anigbo, A. (2023). Nutritional and health value of Garcinia kola. Nigerian Journal of Botany, 36, 90-101.
Ugochukwu, E. C., Ojo, O. A., & Ajayi, A. (2022). Traditional uses of Garcinia kola in Nigerian medicine. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines, 20(4), 45-57.