After Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865, conflict erupted between President Andrew Johnson and Congress primarily due to differing visions for Reconstruction and how to integrate the Southern states back into the Union. Here are the key reasons for the conflict:
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Radical vs. Moderate Views on Reconstruction: Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, had a lenient approach toward the Southern states, advocating for a quick restoration of their status within the Union with minimal conditions. In contrast, many members of Congress, particularly the Radical Republicans, believed in a more stringent approach that would impose stricter requirements on the South before they could rejoin the Union. The Radicals sought to protect the rights of freed slaves and ensure a more significant transformation of Southern society.
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Civil Rights for Freedmen: Johnson opposed legislation aimed at securing civil rights for newly freed African Americans. This opposition was a significant point of contention with Congress, particularly when he vetoed several key pieces of legislation intended to provide protections for Black citizens, leading to outrage among Congressional members.
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The Tenure of Office Act: The conflict escalated with the passage of the Tenure of Office Act in 1867, which limited the president's power to remove officials without Senate approval. Johnson's decision to violate this act by attempting to remove Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, was seen as an affront to Congress. This action prompted Congress to impeach Johnson.
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Lack of Political Support: Johnson lacked the political support in Congress, especially after the 1866 midterm elections, which saw a sweep of Radical Republicans winning substantial majorities. His inability to work effectively with Congress and the rising opposition contributed to the deterioration of their relationship.
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Personal Hostility: Johnson's personal style and confrontational manner also fueled the conflict. He was known for his contentious personality and lack of cooperation with Congressional leaders, which turned political disagreements into personal animosities.
These factors contributed to a profound schism between President Johnson and Congress, leading to his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He narrowly escaped removal from office after a trial in the Senate. This conflict was emblematic of the broader struggles over Reconstruction and the future of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.