Question
Teens have a reputation for making some not-so-smart decisions. Researchers have blamed those poor decisions on the immaturity of a teen’s prefrontal cortex. That is the part of the brain involved in making plans and decisions. But scientists now find the answer may be simpler: the allure of rewards. Rewards, even small ones, entice teens more than they do adults.
And, perhaps surprisingly, teens tend to continue doing things they once found rewarding, even after the actual payoff is long gone. Both findings come from a new study by researchers at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.
Psychologist Zachary Roper and his team worked with two groups of volunteers: 13- to 16-year olds and 20- to 35-year-old adults. Each volunteer had to play a game of sorts. During a training phase, a computer displayed six circles, each a different color. The players had to find the red or green circle. These targets had either a horizontal or vertical line inside. The remaining circles had lines at other angles. When the participant found the correct target, they had to press one of two keys on a keyboard. One key would report they had found the vertical line. The other reported finding a horizontal line.
When a volunteer hit the right key, the screen flashed the amount of the reward they had earned. For some volunteers, green circles provided a large (10-cent) reward and red circles provided a small (2-cent) reward. For other volunteers, the amounts were reversed, with red circles worth more. All other colors had no reward.
By the end of this training, volunteers had learned the value of each color. But they weren’t aware that they had, notes Iowa’s Jatin Vaidya. When the scientists asked the players about the value of red versus green circles, both teens and adults had no awareness that a circle’s color had any effect on how much they had earned during any given trial.
After this training ended, it was time to begin testing in earnest. The scientists informed the volunteers they had a new target. Each had to report the orientation of the line inside a blue diamond. Again, groups of six symbols appeared on a computer screen. Only one was a diamond. The other five were still circles. In some trials, one of those circles was red or green. In other trials, there were no red or green circles.
The recruits were told to answer as quickly as possible. And for this phase of the experiment, no additional money would be earned.
The researchers now measured how long it took people to find the diamond and record their answers.
When no red or green circles were among the onscreen options, both adults and teens responded quickly. But when a red or green circle showed up, both groups initially took a bit longer. Adults, though, quickly stopped paying attention to the colored circles. Their response times sped up.
Teens reacted differently. They took longer to respond whenever a red or green circle showed up. Their response times never sped up. Their attention still was drawn to the previously valued circles — even though the shapes no longer brought any reward. Clearly, the red and green circles were distracting teens from their objective.
Roper’s team reported the findings September 10 in Psychological Science.
“The study demonstrates that the attention of adolescents is especially drawn to rewarding information,” says Brian Anderson. A psychologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md., he was not involved with the study. These data may help explain why teens engage in risky behavior, he says.
Some behaviors, such as texting or using social media, trigger the brain’s reward system. Once the teenage brain has linked a behavior to that reward, it continues to seek the reward again and again. That’s why teens are likely to opt for the reward of social media when they should be studying. Or why they respond to texts while driving.
How can someone overcome their brain’s attempts to distract? Vaidya suggests physically removing distractions whenever possible. Shut down the phone when driving or disconnect from Wi-Fi while doing homework. When distractions are not readily available, it will be easier to focus attention on the things that matter most. Like arriving home safely.
In the context of this article, how can science define the identity of a teenager? Where does it fall short?
answer:
The article presents a scientific perspective on the identity of a teenager by showing their behavioral characteristics relating to decision making and the influence of their actions, and It defines the teenagers act, and focuses on their character development and the impact of rewards on behavior.
Where is falls short:
The findings from the study do not account for differences from teenagers. Not all teens will show the same level of distraction or risk taking behavior, factors such as personality, environment, family acts, and social life status can influence a teen's ego and the way they act.
cite evidence from the story to support this answer
And, perhaps surprisingly, teens tend to continue doing things they once found rewarding, even after the actual payoff is long gone. Both findings come from a new study by researchers at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.
Psychologist Zachary Roper and his team worked with two groups of volunteers: 13- to 16-year olds and 20- to 35-year-old adults. Each volunteer had to play a game of sorts. During a training phase, a computer displayed six circles, each a different color. The players had to find the red or green circle. These targets had either a horizontal or vertical line inside. The remaining circles had lines at other angles. When the participant found the correct target, they had to press one of two keys on a keyboard. One key would report they had found the vertical line. The other reported finding a horizontal line.
When a volunteer hit the right key, the screen flashed the amount of the reward they had earned. For some volunteers, green circles provided a large (10-cent) reward and red circles provided a small (2-cent) reward. For other volunteers, the amounts were reversed, with red circles worth more. All other colors had no reward.
By the end of this training, volunteers had learned the value of each color. But they weren’t aware that they had, notes Iowa’s Jatin Vaidya. When the scientists asked the players about the value of red versus green circles, both teens and adults had no awareness that a circle’s color had any effect on how much they had earned during any given trial.
After this training ended, it was time to begin testing in earnest. The scientists informed the volunteers they had a new target. Each had to report the orientation of the line inside a blue diamond. Again, groups of six symbols appeared on a computer screen. Only one was a diamond. The other five were still circles. In some trials, one of those circles was red or green. In other trials, there were no red or green circles.
The recruits were told to answer as quickly as possible. And for this phase of the experiment, no additional money would be earned.
The researchers now measured how long it took people to find the diamond and record their answers.
When no red or green circles were among the onscreen options, both adults and teens responded quickly. But when a red or green circle showed up, both groups initially took a bit longer. Adults, though, quickly stopped paying attention to the colored circles. Their response times sped up.
Teens reacted differently. They took longer to respond whenever a red or green circle showed up. Their response times never sped up. Their attention still was drawn to the previously valued circles — even though the shapes no longer brought any reward. Clearly, the red and green circles were distracting teens from their objective.
Roper’s team reported the findings September 10 in Psychological Science.
“The study demonstrates that the attention of adolescents is especially drawn to rewarding information,” says Brian Anderson. A psychologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md., he was not involved with the study. These data may help explain why teens engage in risky behavior, he says.
Some behaviors, such as texting or using social media, trigger the brain’s reward system. Once the teenage brain has linked a behavior to that reward, it continues to seek the reward again and again. That’s why teens are likely to opt for the reward of social media when they should be studying. Or why they respond to texts while driving.
How can someone overcome their brain’s attempts to distract? Vaidya suggests physically removing distractions whenever possible. Shut down the phone when driving or disconnect from Wi-Fi while doing homework. When distractions are not readily available, it will be easier to focus attention on the things that matter most. Like arriving home safely.
In the context of this article, how can science define the identity of a teenager? Where does it fall short?
answer:
The article presents a scientific perspective on the identity of a teenager by showing their behavioral characteristics relating to decision making and the influence of their actions, and It defines the teenagers act, and focuses on their character development and the impact of rewards on behavior.
Where is falls short:
The findings from the study do not account for differences from teenagers. Not all teens will show the same level of distraction or risk taking behavior, factors such as personality, environment, family acts, and social life status can influence a teen's ego and the way they act.
cite evidence from the story to support this answer
Answers
GPT-4o mini
The article highlights the scientific perspective on the identity of teenagers by emphasizing their behavioral traits related to decision-making and the allure of rewards. For example, it notes that “teens tend to continue doing things they once found rewarding, even after the actual payoff is long gone,” which suggests a propensity for behaviors driven by past rewards rather than current rationality. This inclination contributes to their risk-taking behaviors, as these rewarding experiences can lead to distractions, such as prioritizing social media or texting over studying or driving safely.
However, the findings of the study fall short by failing to account for the diversity among teenagers. The article mentions that both teens and adults initially took longer to respond when a red or green circle appeared, but “teens reacted differently” and “their attention still was drawn to the previously valued circles.” This highlights a general trend among teenagers, but it does not consider that not all teens exhibit the same level of distraction or risk-taking behavior. As the article points out, “factors such as personality, environment, family acts, and social life status can influence a teen's ego and the way they act.” Therefore, while the study provides insight into general patterns of teenage behavior, it does not encompass the individual differences that contribute significantly to their identity.
However, the findings of the study fall short by failing to account for the diversity among teenagers. The article mentions that both teens and adults initially took longer to respond when a red or green circle appeared, but “teens reacted differently” and “their attention still was drawn to the previously valued circles.” This highlights a general trend among teenagers, but it does not consider that not all teens exhibit the same level of distraction or risk-taking behavior. As the article points out, “factors such as personality, environment, family acts, and social life status can influence a teen's ego and the way they act.” Therefore, while the study provides insight into general patterns of teenage behavior, it does not encompass the individual differences that contribute significantly to their identity.