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A)
1. Both Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s geocentric models of the solarsystem were accepted despite being incorrect because _______. (1pt)
(1 point)
A. The Holy Roman Church supported them.
B. They could explain retrograde motion as epicycles.
C. Ptolemy’s ruler was extremely accurate.
D. Measurements made with an astrolabe were flawless.
E. Both men were superior philosophers and defended their ideas with
logic.
F. The armillary sphere was never wrong.
The instrument for observing stars and planets, called the
, had not been invented yet. As a result, people didn’t
. (2 pts)
B) 2. Click and drag the correct answer to the corresponding blank.
(2 points)
C) 3. Which are features of Copernicus’s model of the solar system?
Select the three correct answers. (3 pts) (3 points)
A. Earth is fixed to a crystalline sphere.
B. The planets move in perfect circles.
C. The stars are fixed to an outer sphere.
D. The outer planets move in epicycles.
E. The Sun is at the center.
F. All planets orbit the Sun at the same speed.
bother to observe  the night sky  telescope  armillary sphere
 astrolabe  have the technology to disprove Aristotle or Ptolemy
 want to change their ideas
D)
4. Which statements about the geocentric model are false? Selectthe two correct answers. (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. It shows the orbits of the planets as circular.
B. It explains why Mars appears to move backward for a few months
approximately every two years.
C. It shows Earth at the center of the solar system.
D. It shows the Sun at the center of the solar system.
E)
5. The mass of an object doubles. What happens to thegravitational force between it and another object whose mass staysthe same, assuming they remain the same distance apart? (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. The amount of gravitational force decreases by one-half.
B. The amount of gravitational force quadruples.
C. The amount of gravitational force remains constant.
D. The amount of gravitational force doubles.
F)
6. For a moon orbiting its planet, r
p
is the shortest distancebetween the moon and its planet and r
a
is the longest distancebetween the moon and its planet. What is the moon’s orbitaleccentricity of r
p
is equal to 0.65 r
a
? (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. 0.57
B. 0.21
C. 0.65
D. 0.48
G)
7. A line between a planet and the sun sweeps out two equal areasat different places as it moves along its orbit. Which factor remainsconstant as this happens? (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. The time required to sweep out the areas
B. The planet’s speed as it sweeps out the areas
C. The distance the planet moves along its orbit while it sweeps out the
area
D. The distance from the sun to the planet while it sweeps out the
areas
H)
8. Which did Kepler notice about planetary motion that caused himto propose Kepler’s first law of orbital motion? (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. The distance to the sun varies.
B. Most planets have highly elliptical orbits.
C. The distance betweenMars and the sun is constant.
D. The planets have circular orbits.
Copernicus thought that Ptolemy’s model of the solar system was incorrect
because
. Copernicus’ model of the solar system was different from Ptolemy’s model
because
. Copernicus’ model was not accepted at the time because
. (4 pts)
I) 9. Click and drag the correct answer to the corresponding blank.
(4 points)
 it was too simple.
 his model agreed with scientific beliefs, but opposed religious beliefs.
 the sun was at the center.  the Earth was at the center.
 his model opposed scientific and religious beliefs.
 it was too complex.
J)
10. Based on Kepler’s observations about planetary motion, what isthe relationship between a planet’s orbital velocity and its distancefrom the sun? (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. The greater the distance, the greater the orbital velocity.
B. As distance is cut in half, orbital velocity decreases.
C. The greater the distance, the slower the orbital velocity.
D. Distance has no effect on orbital velocity.
K)
11. What shape is the Earth’s orbit around the Sun? (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. an ellipse that is almost circular
B. an circle
C. an ellipse that is elongated
D. a spiral
L)
12. A satellite orbiting Earth at an orbital radius r has a velocity v. Which represents the velocity if the satellite is moved to an orbitalradius of 5r? (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. 1/√3v
B. 1/3v
C. √5v
D. 1/√5v
M)
13. An asteroid approaches Jupiter and is slung around into a newtrajectory across the solar system. Which of the following arepossible? Select the three correct answers. (2 pts)
(2 points)
A. The asteroid continues out of the solar system.
B. The asteroid enters a stable elliptical orbit around the sun.
C. The asteroid adopts an unusual orbit around the sun, such as an
egg shape.
D. The asteroid spirals into the sun.
E. The asteroid falls into an irregular orbit around Jupiter.
F. The asteroid slows down as it passes around Jupiter.
Planets travel in orbits that are
(what shape?). Kepler’s
(which number?) law of motion relates the shape of a planet’s orbit with its
speed. State this law of motion.
(4 pts)
N) 14. Click and drag the correct answer to the corresponding blank.
(4 points)
The square of the period of any planet about the sun is proportional to
the cube of the planet’s mean distance from the sun.

 2nd
 All planets move in an orbit, with the sun at one of the two foci.
As a planet orbits the sun, an imaginary line from the center of the planet
to the center of the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.

 elliptical  3rd  circular  1st
O)
15. Which form of Kepler’s Third Law can you use to relate theperiod T and radius r of a planet in our solar system as long as theunit year is used for the period and astronomical unit is used for theradius? (1 pt)
(1 point)
A. T squared = r cubed
B. T = r squared
C. T squared = r
D. T cubed = r squared
P)
16. Which of the following statements about Newton’s theory ofuniversal gravitation are correct? Select the three correct answers. (2pts)
(2 points)
A. Gravitational force increases as the distance between objects
decreases.
B. Gravitational force increases as mass of objects decreases.
C. The theory only applies to objects on Earth.
D. Gravitational force increases as the mass of objects increases.
E. Gravitational force increases as the distance between objects
increases.
F. The theory applies to all objects in the universe.

1 answer

Here are the answers to your questions:

  1. A) Both Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s geocentric models of the solar system were accepted despite being incorrect because B. They could explain retrograde motion as epicycles.

The instrument for observing stars and planets, called the telescope, had not been invented yet. As a result, people didn’t bother to observe the night sky.

  1. C) Select the three correct answers about Copernicus’s model of the solar system:
  • B. The planets move in perfect circles.
  • C. The stars are fixed to an outer sphere.
  • E. The Sun is at the center.
  1. Which statements about the geocentric model are false? Select the two correct answers:
  • B. It explains why Mars appears to move backward for a few months approximately every two years.
  • D. It shows the Sun at the center of the solar system.
  1. The mass of an object doubles. What happens to the gravitational force between it and another object whose mass stays the same, assuming they remain the same distance apart?
  • D. The amount of gravitational force doubles.
  1. The moon’s orbital eccentricity if \( r_p \) is equal to 0.65 \( r_a \)?
  • To find eccentricity, we use the formula \( e = \frac{r_a - r_p}{r_a + r_p} \). Given \( r_p = 0.65r_a \):
    • \( e = \frac{r_a - 0.65r_a}{r_a + 0.65r_a} \)
    • \( e = \frac{0.35r_a}{1.65r_a} \approx 0.212 \). Therefore, the closest answer is B. 0.21.
  1. A line between a planet and the sun sweeps out two equal areas at different places as it moves along its orbit. Which factor remains constant as this happens?
  • A. The time required to sweep out the areas.
  1. Which did Kepler notice about planetary motion that caused him to propose Kepler’s first law of orbital motion?
  • A. The distance to the sun varies.

  1. Copernicus thought that Ptolemy’s model of the solar system was incorrect because the sun was at the center. Copernicus’ model of the solar system was different from Ptolemy’s model because his model opposed scientific and religious beliefs. Copernicus’ model was not accepted at the time because it was too simple.

  2. Based on Kepler’s observations about planetary motion, what is the relationship between a planet’s orbital velocity and its distance from the sun?

  • C. The greater the distance, the slower the orbital velocity.
  1. What shape is the Earth’s orbit around the Sun?
  • A. an ellipse that is almost circular.
  1. A satellite orbiting Earth at an orbital radius r has a velocity v. Which represents the velocity if the satellite is moved to an orbital radius of 5r?
  • D. 1/√5v.
  1. An asteroid approaches Jupiter and is slung around into a new trajectory across the solar system. Possible outcomes include:
  • A. The asteroid continues out of the solar system.
  • B. The asteroid enters a stable elliptical orbit around the sun.
  • D. The asteroid spirals into the sun.
  1. Planets travel in orbits that are elliptical. Kepler’s 2nd law of motion relates the shape of a planet’s orbit with its speed. State this law of motion:
  • As a planet orbits the sun, an imaginary line from the center of the planet to the center of the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
  1. Which form of Kepler’s Third Law can you use to relate the period T and radius r of a planet in our solar system as long as the unit year is used for the period and astronomical unit is used for the radius?
  • A. T squared = r cubed.
  1. Which of the following statements about Newton’s theory of universal gravitation are correct? Select the three correct answers:
  • A. Gravitational force increases as the distance between objects decreases.
  • D. Gravitational force increases as the mass of objects increases.
  • F. The theory applies to all objects in the universe.

Feel free to ask if you have more questions or need further clarification!