Here's a selection of five hydrocarbons (covering alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes) and five functional compounds (covering alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids), along with their structural formulas, molecular formulas, classifications, properties, and common uses.
Hydrocarbons
-
Pentane
- Structural Formula: \[ CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3 \]
- Molecular Formula: C₅H₁₂
- Classification: Saturated (alkane)
- Properties: Colorless, flammable liquid with a boiling point of about 36 °C.
- Common Uses: Used as a solvent, in gasoline, and as a laboratory reagent.
-
Propylene (Propene)
- Structural Formula: \[ CH_2=CH-CH_3 \]
- Molecular Formula: C₃H₆
- Classification: Unsaturated (alkene)
- Properties: Colorless gas, slightly sweet odor, highly flammable, boiling point of about -47.6 °C.
- Common Uses: Important for the production of polypropylene plastic, used in the chemical industry.
-
1-Butyne
- Structural Formula: \[ CH≡C-CH_2-CH_3 \]
- Molecular Formula: C₄H₆
- Classification: Unsaturated (alkyne)
- Properties: Colorless gas, flammable, boiling point of about 25.1 °C.
- Common Uses: Used as a fuel, an intermediate in organic synthesis.
-
Cyclohexane
- Structural Formula:
\[
\text{(C)}6\text{H}{12}
\]
- Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₂
- Classification: Saturated (cycloalkane)
- Properties: Colorless, flammable liquid, with a boiling point of about 81 °C.
- Common Uses: Used as a solvent and a precursor to adipic acid for nylon production.
- Structural Formula:
\[
\text{(C)}6\text{H}{12}
\]
-
1-Octene
- Structural Formula: \[ CH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3 \]
- Molecular Formula: C₈H₁₄
- Classification: Unsaturated (alkene)
- Properties: Colorless liquid, slightly sweet smell, boiling point of about 121 °C.
- Common Uses: Used in the production of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).
Functional Compounds
-
Ethanol (Alcohol)
- Structural Formula: \[ CH_3CH_2OH \]
- Molecular Formula: C₂H₅OH
- Classification: Functional compound (alcohol)
- Properties: Colorless liquid, slightly sweet odor, miscible with water, boiling point of about 78 °C.
- Common Uses: Used as a beverage (alcohol), solvent, and fuel additive.
-
Diethyl Ether (Ether)
- Structural Formula: \[ CH_3CH_2-O-CH_2CH_3 \]
- Molecular Formula: C₄H₁₀O
- Classification: Functional compound (ether)
- Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic odor, boiling point of about 34.6 °C.
- Common Uses: Historically used as an anesthetic, now mainly used as a solvent.
-
Acetaldehyde (Aldehyde)
- Structural Formula: \[ CH_3CHO \]
- Molecular Formula: C₂H₄O
- Classification: Functional compound (aldehyde)
- Properties: Colorless liquid, pungent odor, flammable, boiling point of about 20.2 °C.
- Common Uses: Used in the production of acetic acid and other chemicals.
-
Acetone (Ketone)
- Structural Formula: \[ CH_3COCH_3 \]
- Molecular Formula: C₃H₆O
- Classification: Functional compound (ketone)
- Properties: Colorless liquid, sweet smell, highly volatile and flammable, boiling point of about 56 °C.
- Common Uses: Common solvent in laboratories and industry, used in nail polish remover.
-
Acetic Acid (Carboxylic Acid)
- Structural Formula: \[ CH_3COOH \]
- Molecular Formula: C₂H₄O₂
- Classification: Functional compound (carboxylic acid)
- Properties: Colorless liquid with a strong vinegar smell, boiling point of about 118 °C, hygroscopic.
- Common Uses: Used in food preservation (vinegar), as a chemical reagent, and in the manufacture of synthetic fibers.
This concise overview should help you with an understanding of various hydrocarbons and functional compounds, their structures, molecular formulas, classifications, properties, and uses.