Question
This study found that the proportion of in-school adolescents having experienced bullying in the past 30 days
was 19.9%. Other countries reported higher rates of bullying among adolescents. A study of bullying in Asian
countries, such as Thailand, found higher rates of bullying (27.7%) [19]. Studies from developed countries, such
as Australia, also found a high prevalence of bullying victimization ranging from 10 to 35% [26]. To date, there
are two recognized international surveys measuring violence in adolescents, the GSHS and the Health Behavior
in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. A multi-country study using data from these two types of international
surveys reported a global prevalence of bullying among adolescents at approximately 30%. In both diferent
groups of male and female adolescents, the prevalence rates of bullying were found to be higher in African
countries than in European countries [27]. The lower prevalence rate of bullying found in this current study may
be attributable to the diferent measurement and perception on bullying. The Indonesia GSHS questionnaire
explains that bullying does not include an argument or a fght involving two students with an equal power or
strength or making fun in a playful way. Some students might not report of being bullied if their perception
of unpleasant things was considered as being merely jokes among friends. In addition, the questionnaire has
not incorporated cyberbullying and body shaming, which might also underestimate the prevalence rate. This
fnding informs us that all parties in Indonesia should take responsibility for educating adolescents about all
forms of violence.
In this study, the probability of being bullied is higher among younger adolescents than the older ones. This
fnding is supported by research in the Caribbean and China that also suggested that younger adolescents are
more likely to be victims of bullying [22], [28]. Similarly, another study reported that younger Thai adolescents
have a greater risk of bullying victimization than older adolescents [19]. Multi-country studies, such as one
conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2014, have shown that the prevalence of being bullied
decreases with increased age [18]. Younger adolescents might have been bullied by their older peers or superiors
due to lack of power. Some cases of seniority bullying at schools in Indonesia were reported to occur during
school orientation [29]. This fnding refects the fact that specifc interventions for younger adolescents need to
be set up and considered at all levels of schooling.
The study found, in the multivariable analysis among adolescents, that males were associated with being
victims of bullying. In a similar vein, a study in America and Malawi explained that boys are more likely to be
bullied than girls [21], [30]. Another study using the 2016 GSHS in Sri Lanka also found a signifcantly higher
proportion of males versus females who had been bullied for at least 1 day within 30 days prior to the survey
[31]. This fnding confrmed the gender stereotype that boys are more accepting of aggressive behavior than
girls [32]. We are, therefore, challenged to seek a more complete explanation of this issue and suggest a gender-
sensitive issue program.
This study found that the risk of being bullied is higher among students who drink alcohol and smoke
cigarettes than those who do not. Studies among Zambian and Malawian adolescents reported the same result
in that a higher likelihood of being bullied was found among adolescents who drank alcohol [33], [34]. Research
in America and Saudi Arabia showed that adolescents who smoke are more likely to have been bullied [35], [36].
There is a possibility that adolescents who consume tobacco or alcohol are in situations or engaged in a social
environment that more easily positions them as targets of bullying than those who have no substance abuse.
Adolescents who drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes might also be more likely to be bullied than their coun-
terparts due to common negative perception on their behavior. In contrast, having experienced bullying may
produce psychosocial distress that drives adolescents to misuse substances such as alcohol and cigarettes so as
to reduce the anxiety [37]. More research is needed to provide greater understanding related to this fnding,
especially in the Indonesian context.
Feelings of loneliness were associated with victims of bullying in our study. Studies in Thailand and Cyprus
showed the same result in that adolescents who reported experience in loneliness were more likely to report
having the experience of being bullied [38], [39]. Those who are insecure and feel lonely and who may have so-
cial problems in making friends, could make them more prone to bullying than other adolescents [40], [41],
[42]. Having close relationships with peers is increasingly important among children in early adolescence;
therefore,the creation of a social network and improved adolescents’ social development at school need to be
considered.
summarise the above text
was 19.9%. Other countries reported higher rates of bullying among adolescents. A study of bullying in Asian
countries, such as Thailand, found higher rates of bullying (27.7%) [19]. Studies from developed countries, such
as Australia, also found a high prevalence of bullying victimization ranging from 10 to 35% [26]. To date, there
are two recognized international surveys measuring violence in adolescents, the GSHS and the Health Behavior
in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. A multi-country study using data from these two types of international
surveys reported a global prevalence of bullying among adolescents at approximately 30%. In both diferent
groups of male and female adolescents, the prevalence rates of bullying were found to be higher in African
countries than in European countries [27]. The lower prevalence rate of bullying found in this current study may
be attributable to the diferent measurement and perception on bullying. The Indonesia GSHS questionnaire
explains that bullying does not include an argument or a fght involving two students with an equal power or
strength or making fun in a playful way. Some students might not report of being bullied if their perception
of unpleasant things was considered as being merely jokes among friends. In addition, the questionnaire has
not incorporated cyberbullying and body shaming, which might also underestimate the prevalence rate. This
fnding informs us that all parties in Indonesia should take responsibility for educating adolescents about all
forms of violence.
In this study, the probability of being bullied is higher among younger adolescents than the older ones. This
fnding is supported by research in the Caribbean and China that also suggested that younger adolescents are
more likely to be victims of bullying [22], [28]. Similarly, another study reported that younger Thai adolescents
have a greater risk of bullying victimization than older adolescents [19]. Multi-country studies, such as one
conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2014, have shown that the prevalence of being bullied
decreases with increased age [18]. Younger adolescents might have been bullied by their older peers or superiors
due to lack of power. Some cases of seniority bullying at schools in Indonesia were reported to occur during
school orientation [29]. This fnding refects the fact that specifc interventions for younger adolescents need to
be set up and considered at all levels of schooling.
The study found, in the multivariable analysis among adolescents, that males were associated with being
victims of bullying. In a similar vein, a study in America and Malawi explained that boys are more likely to be
bullied than girls [21], [30]. Another study using the 2016 GSHS in Sri Lanka also found a signifcantly higher
proportion of males versus females who had been bullied for at least 1 day within 30 days prior to the survey
[31]. This fnding confrmed the gender stereotype that boys are more accepting of aggressive behavior than
girls [32]. We are, therefore, challenged to seek a more complete explanation of this issue and suggest a gender-
sensitive issue program.
This study found that the risk of being bullied is higher among students who drink alcohol and smoke
cigarettes than those who do not. Studies among Zambian and Malawian adolescents reported the same result
in that a higher likelihood of being bullied was found among adolescents who drank alcohol [33], [34]. Research
in America and Saudi Arabia showed that adolescents who smoke are more likely to have been bullied [35], [36].
There is a possibility that adolescents who consume tobacco or alcohol are in situations or engaged in a social
environment that more easily positions them as targets of bullying than those who have no substance abuse.
Adolescents who drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes might also be more likely to be bullied than their coun-
terparts due to common negative perception on their behavior. In contrast, having experienced bullying may
produce psychosocial distress that drives adolescents to misuse substances such as alcohol and cigarettes so as
to reduce the anxiety [37]. More research is needed to provide greater understanding related to this fnding,
especially in the Indonesian context.
Feelings of loneliness were associated with victims of bullying in our study. Studies in Thailand and Cyprus
showed the same result in that adolescents who reported experience in loneliness were more likely to report
having the experience of being bullied [38], [39]. Those who are insecure and feel lonely and who may have so-
cial problems in making friends, could make them more prone to bullying than other adolescents [40], [41],
[42]. Having close relationships with peers is increasingly important among children in early adolescence;
therefore,the creation of a social network and improved adolescents’ social development at school need to be
considered.
summarise the above text
Answers
GPT-4o mini
The study reveals that 19.9% of adolescents experienced bullying in the past 30 days, a lower rate compared to other countries, such as Thailand (27.7%) and various developed nations where rates range from 10 to 35%. Differences in measurement and perceptions of bullying, including the exclusion of certain types of bullying like cyberbullying and body shaming from the survey, may account for this lower prevalence in Indonesia.
Younger adolescents are more vulnerable to bullying than older adolescents, a finding supported by research in other regions. This suggests the need for targeted interventions for younger students. Notably, males were found to be more likely victims of bullying, aligning with gender stereotypes that associate boys more with aggressive behavior.
Additionally, the study indicates that adolescents who drink alcohol or smoke are at a higher risk of being bullied, possibly due to their social environment or negative perceptions of their behaviors. Conversely, experiencing bullying may lead to substance misuse as a coping mechanism.
Feelings of loneliness are also linked to a higher likelihood of being bullied. Adolescents who struggle with social connections may be more prone to bullying, highlighting the importance of fostering social development and peer relationships within schools. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive education about bullying and its different forms among adolescents in Indonesia.
Younger adolescents are more vulnerable to bullying than older adolescents, a finding supported by research in other regions. This suggests the need for targeted interventions for younger students. Notably, males were found to be more likely victims of bullying, aligning with gender stereotypes that associate boys more with aggressive behavior.
Additionally, the study indicates that adolescents who drink alcohol or smoke are at a higher risk of being bullied, possibly due to their social environment or negative perceptions of their behaviors. Conversely, experiencing bullying may lead to substance misuse as a coping mechanism.
Feelings of loneliness are also linked to a higher likelihood of being bullied. Adolescents who struggle with social connections may be more prone to bullying, highlighting the importance of fostering social development and peer relationships within schools. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive education about bullying and its different forms among adolescents in Indonesia.