Question
Page 3 - Review of Plate Boundaries:
Recommended Video -
Type of Plate Boundary
How the Plates Move
Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transform Boundary
What happens frequently around the Ring of Fire?
Page 4 - Complete the following table:
SEISMIC WAVES
Type of Wave
Description of Motion
Other Information
P waves
Push and pull in same direction as the wave
S waves
Arrive at seismograph after P waves
Surface waves
Which type of seismic waves are responsible for causing damage during an earthquake?
Page 5 - What is the magnitude of an earthquake?
What is the intensity of an earthquake?
Which earthquake would do more damage: one with a high intensity or a low intensity?
Look at the map titled “Predicting Earthquakes”:
The highest hazard areas (meaning these areas are most likely to experience earthquakes) are magenta and red and the lowest hazard areas (least likely areas) are light blue and white. What area of the United States has the highest hazard rating?
Can earthquakes be predicted? Explain.
Page 11 - In this section, you will describe how scientists use data to find the epicenter of an earthquake
Scientists use technology all the time to study earthquakes. Scientists use data from thousands of seismograph stations around the world to find the epicenters of earthquakes. Data from several seismograph stations is needed to identify the epicenter of an earthquake. These seismographs record data all the time. Scientists use that data to monitor movements that are occurring in Earth’s crust.
How do scientists use seismic data in addition to identifying the epicenter of an earthquake?
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 3: Volcanic Eruptions
In this section, you will describe technologies that make the effects of volcanoes less severe.
Page 2 and 3 - The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 was the most destructive volcanic eruption in US history. What were scientists monitoring beginning in March of 1980 that alerted them that the volcano would soon erupt?
Now, there are more than 20 seismographs that monitor the volcano Mount St. Helens. What does a seismograph measure?
Page 4 – How many active volcanoes are there around the world? Where are they located? How many of those active volcanoes are in the United States?
Page 5 – What are the different hazards from a volcanic eruption?
Page 6 - Can scientists prevent volcanoes from erupting? Can eruptions be predicted?
What is the Volcano Notification Service (VNS)?
Page 10 - In this section, you will describe how people can be more prepared for a volcanic eruption. Watch the video to learn more.
Page 15 - Describe technologies that make the effects of volcanoes less severe.
Lesson 4: Tracking Hurricane Dorian
In this section, you will describe how the intensity and track of a hurricane is predicted.
The Life of a Hurricane (Page 3):
Hurricanes form over __________________ ocean waters near the ___________________. They usually start as a
________________ wave. As the storm moves across water, its intensity increases as more warm water
rises into it. Warm water rising into the storm causes the air pressure to ________________.
More air is added to the storm by ________________ currents. Convection currents move air from areas
of __________ pressure to areas of _________ pressure. Low pressure causes more air to rush into the
storm, where it __________ and _____________, producing more clouds and thunderstorms. The storm
is categorized into different stages as its Strength and Speed change.
The Coriolis Effect causes hurricanes to rotate and spin. Hover over the term “Coriolis Effect.” In which direction does the Coriolis effect cause hurricanes to spin in the:
Northern hemisphere-
Southern hemisphere-
Explain the relationship between air pressure and wind.
What causes a hurricane to lose strength?
Ranking Hurricanes (Page 4): What is the name of the scale that meteorologists use to categorize hurricanes?
What does this scale measure?
Why do scientists use the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind scale?
(Use this chart as a reference when completing the practice questions, quick checks, and the unit test)
Which hurricane will be more destructive- a Category 1 or a Category 5?
Answer Question #1 on Page 10: Why do scientists create models from the data they collect about hurricanes?
Explain the relationship between climate change and hurricane formation. (Pages 12-13)
How does being able to predict the severity of hurricanes help government agencies and first responders to prepare for a hurricane? (Page 11)
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5: Learning from Hurricane Katrina
In this section, you will describe technologies that make the effects of hurricanes less severe.
Page 2 - What factors made Hurricane Katrina so devastating?
Page 3 - Are hurricanes predictable?
Models (Page 4): How are models helpful for predicting and planning for hurricanes?
1.
2.
Data Collection (Page 5):
Scientists use __________________ radar to track the movement of air inside a hurricane. Doppler radar uses radio waves sent from an antenna.
Scientists also use ___________________ images from space to track where a storm is going and its speed.
List some of the other tools scientists use to collect hurricane data:
Page 12 and 13 - In this lesson, you will identify and describe technologies that make the effects of hurricanes less severe. How is Dopplar radar used to track a storm?
Pages 14-15 - Describe one way federal, state, and local officials failed in their response to Hurricane Katrina.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 6: Using Data to Predict Wildfires
In this section, you will examine data to make predictions about wildfires.
Benefits of Wildfires (page 4):
List some of the benefits of wildfires:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What Makes a Wildfire (page 5) -
All fires need __________________, __________________ and __________________ to burn.
What is the leading cause of wildfires in the United States?
Heat waves, __________________, and ____________ ______________ are three natural phenomena that can contribute to the likelihood of wildfires and their intensity.
Predicting Wildfires (page 6): Explain how drought conditions contribute to wildfire risk.
Page 9 - Using the chart, analyze and interpret data to make a prediction about which types of wind would likely have catastrophic results if a wildfire started. Explain why you came to this conclusion.
Pages 15, 16 and 17 - In this section, you will examine data, including maps, to make predictions about drought or wildfires. What does GPS stand for and how is it used by Meteorologists to give firefighters information?
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 7: Mitigating the Effects of Wildfires
In this section, you will describe technologies that make the effects of wildfires less severe.
Page 2 - List 2 ways that wildfires can start:
How do droughts contribute to wildfires growing out of control?
What does mitigate mean?
Page 3 - List 4 types of data that scientists obtain from satellites?
Page 5 - What technique had been used by Native Americans for thousands of years and is now used today by agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service to prevent the spread of wildfires?
pls answer all in the same format
Recommended Video -
Type of Plate Boundary
How the Plates Move
Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transform Boundary
What happens frequently around the Ring of Fire?
Page 4 - Complete the following table:
SEISMIC WAVES
Type of Wave
Description of Motion
Other Information
P waves
Push and pull in same direction as the wave
S waves
Arrive at seismograph after P waves
Surface waves
Which type of seismic waves are responsible for causing damage during an earthquake?
Page 5 - What is the magnitude of an earthquake?
What is the intensity of an earthquake?
Which earthquake would do more damage: one with a high intensity or a low intensity?
Look at the map titled “Predicting Earthquakes”:
The highest hazard areas (meaning these areas are most likely to experience earthquakes) are magenta and red and the lowest hazard areas (least likely areas) are light blue and white. What area of the United States has the highest hazard rating?
Can earthquakes be predicted? Explain.
Page 11 - In this section, you will describe how scientists use data to find the epicenter of an earthquake
Scientists use technology all the time to study earthquakes. Scientists use data from thousands of seismograph stations around the world to find the epicenters of earthquakes. Data from several seismograph stations is needed to identify the epicenter of an earthquake. These seismographs record data all the time. Scientists use that data to monitor movements that are occurring in Earth’s crust.
How do scientists use seismic data in addition to identifying the epicenter of an earthquake?
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 3: Volcanic Eruptions
In this section, you will describe technologies that make the effects of volcanoes less severe.
Page 2 and 3 - The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 was the most destructive volcanic eruption in US history. What were scientists monitoring beginning in March of 1980 that alerted them that the volcano would soon erupt?
Now, there are more than 20 seismographs that monitor the volcano Mount St. Helens. What does a seismograph measure?
Page 4 – How many active volcanoes are there around the world? Where are they located? How many of those active volcanoes are in the United States?
Page 5 – What are the different hazards from a volcanic eruption?
Page 6 - Can scientists prevent volcanoes from erupting? Can eruptions be predicted?
What is the Volcano Notification Service (VNS)?
Page 10 - In this section, you will describe how people can be more prepared for a volcanic eruption. Watch the video to learn more.
Page 15 - Describe technologies that make the effects of volcanoes less severe.
Lesson 4: Tracking Hurricane Dorian
In this section, you will describe how the intensity and track of a hurricane is predicted.
The Life of a Hurricane (Page 3):
Hurricanes form over __________________ ocean waters near the ___________________. They usually start as a
________________ wave. As the storm moves across water, its intensity increases as more warm water
rises into it. Warm water rising into the storm causes the air pressure to ________________.
More air is added to the storm by ________________ currents. Convection currents move air from areas
of __________ pressure to areas of _________ pressure. Low pressure causes more air to rush into the
storm, where it __________ and _____________, producing more clouds and thunderstorms. The storm
is categorized into different stages as its Strength and Speed change.
The Coriolis Effect causes hurricanes to rotate and spin. Hover over the term “Coriolis Effect.” In which direction does the Coriolis effect cause hurricanes to spin in the:
Northern hemisphere-
Southern hemisphere-
Explain the relationship between air pressure and wind.
What causes a hurricane to lose strength?
Ranking Hurricanes (Page 4): What is the name of the scale that meteorologists use to categorize hurricanes?
What does this scale measure?
Why do scientists use the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind scale?
(Use this chart as a reference when completing the practice questions, quick checks, and the unit test)
Which hurricane will be more destructive- a Category 1 or a Category 5?
Answer Question #1 on Page 10: Why do scientists create models from the data they collect about hurricanes?
Explain the relationship between climate change and hurricane formation. (Pages 12-13)
How does being able to predict the severity of hurricanes help government agencies and first responders to prepare for a hurricane? (Page 11)
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5: Learning from Hurricane Katrina
In this section, you will describe technologies that make the effects of hurricanes less severe.
Page 2 - What factors made Hurricane Katrina so devastating?
Page 3 - Are hurricanes predictable?
Models (Page 4): How are models helpful for predicting and planning for hurricanes?
1.
2.
Data Collection (Page 5):
Scientists use __________________ radar to track the movement of air inside a hurricane. Doppler radar uses radio waves sent from an antenna.
Scientists also use ___________________ images from space to track where a storm is going and its speed.
List some of the other tools scientists use to collect hurricane data:
Page 12 and 13 - In this lesson, you will identify and describe technologies that make the effects of hurricanes less severe. How is Dopplar radar used to track a storm?
Pages 14-15 - Describe one way federal, state, and local officials failed in their response to Hurricane Katrina.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 6: Using Data to Predict Wildfires
In this section, you will examine data to make predictions about wildfires.
Benefits of Wildfires (page 4):
List some of the benefits of wildfires:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What Makes a Wildfire (page 5) -
All fires need __________________, __________________ and __________________ to burn.
What is the leading cause of wildfires in the United States?
Heat waves, __________________, and ____________ ______________ are three natural phenomena that can contribute to the likelihood of wildfires and their intensity.
Predicting Wildfires (page 6): Explain how drought conditions contribute to wildfire risk.
Page 9 - Using the chart, analyze and interpret data to make a prediction about which types of wind would likely have catastrophic results if a wildfire started. Explain why you came to this conclusion.
Pages 15, 16 and 17 - In this section, you will examine data, including maps, to make predictions about drought or wildfires. What does GPS stand for and how is it used by Meteorologists to give firefighters information?
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 7: Mitigating the Effects of Wildfires
In this section, you will describe technologies that make the effects of wildfires less severe.
Page 2 - List 2 ways that wildfires can start:
How do droughts contribute to wildfires growing out of control?
What does mitigate mean?
Page 3 - List 4 types of data that scientists obtain from satellites?
Page 5 - What technique had been used by Native Americans for thousands of years and is now used today by agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service to prevent the spread of wildfires?
pls answer all in the same format
Answers
GPT-4o mini
### Page 3 - Review of Plate Boundaries:
**Recommended Video -**
**Type of Plate Boundary**
**How the Plates Move**
**Divergent Boundary**
Plates move apart from each other.
**Convergent Boundary**
Plates move toward each other.
**Transform Boundary**
Plates slide past one another.
**What happens frequently around the Ring of Fire?**
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur frequently around the Ring of Fire.
---
### Page 4 - Complete the following table:
| Type of Wave | Description of Motion | Other Information |
|--------------|----------------------|-------------------|
| P waves | Push and pull in the same direction as the wave | Fastest seismic waves; can travel through solids and liquids |
| S waves | Move perpendicular to the direction of wave travel | Arrive at seismograph after P waves; can only travel through solids |
| Surface waves| Travel along the Earth's surface | Cause the most damage during an earthquake |
**Which type of seismic waves are responsible for causing damage during an earthquake?**
Surface waves are responsible for causing damage during an earthquake.
---
### Page 5 - What is the magnitude of an earthquake?
The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the energy released at the source of the earthquake, typically measured on the Richter scale or moment magnitude scale.
**What is the intensity of an earthquake?**
The intensity of an earthquake refers to the effects and damage it causes at specific locations, often measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.
**Which earthquake would do more damage: one with a high intensity or a low intensity?**
An earthquake with a high intensity would do more damage.
**What area of the United States has the highest hazard rating?**
The area of the United States with the highest hazard rating is California, particularly near the San Andreas Fault.
**Can earthquakes be predicted? Explain.**
Currently, earthquakes cannot be predicted with precision. Scientists can identify areas at risk and estimate probabilities, but the exact time and location of an earthquake cannot be foreseen.
---
### Page 11 - Description of how scientists use data to find the epicenter of an earthquake:
Scientists collect data from thousands of seismograph stations around the world to find the epicenters of earthquakes. Data from several seismograph stations is needed to triangulate the location of the epicenter based on the time difference between the arrival of P waves and S waves.
**How do scientists use seismic data in addition to identifying the epicenter of an earthquake?**
Scientists use seismic data to understand the earthquake's depth, estimate its magnitude, analyze ground shaking, and study its potential impact on surrounding areas.
---
### Lesson 3: Volcanic Eruptions
**Page 2 and 3 - Monitoring for Eruption:**
Scientists were monitoring seismic activity and volcanic gas emissions, as well as ground deformation, starting in March of 1980 which alerted them that the volcano would soon erupt.
**What does a seismograph measure?**
A seismograph measures the vibrations and shaking of the ground caused by seismic waves from earthquakes and volcanic activity.
---
**Page 4 – Active Volcanoes:**
There are over 1,500 active volcanoes around the world, primarily located along tectonic plate boundaries. There are about 169 active volcanoes in the United States.
---
**Page 5 – Hazards of Volcanic Eruption:**
The different hazards from a volcanic eruption include lava flow, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, volcanic gases, and lahars (volcanic mudflows).
---
**Page 6 - Volcano Prediction:**
Scientists cannot prevent volcanoes from erupting, but eruptions can often be predicted using various monitoring techniques.
**What is the Volcano Notification Service (VNS)?**
The Volcano Notification Service (VNS) is a service that provides timely information to the public regarding volcanic activity and hazards.
---
### Lesson 4: Tracking Hurricane Dorian
**The Life of a Hurricane (Page 3):**
Hurricanes form over **warm** ocean waters near the **equator**. They usually start as a **tropical** wave. As the storm moves across water, its intensity increases as more warm water rises into it. Warm water rising into the storm causes the air pressure to **decrease**. More air is added to the storm by **convection** currents. Convection currents move air from areas of **high** pressure to areas of **low** pressure. Low pressure causes more air to rush into the storm, where it **rises** and **cools**, producing more clouds and thunderstorms. The storm is categorized into different stages as its strength and speed change.
**The Coriolis Effect:**
In the Northern hemisphere - **clockwise**
In the Southern hemisphere - **counterclockwise**
**Explain the relationship between air pressure and wind.**
High pressure leads to sinking air, which results in calm weather, while low pressure results in rising air and stormy conditions, causing winds to move from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
---
**What causes a hurricane to lose strength?**
A hurricane can lose strength due to moving over cooler waters, making landfall, or encountering strong wind shear.
**Ranking Hurricanes (Page 4):**
What is the name of the scale that meteorologists use to categorize hurricanes?
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.
**What does this scale measure?**
This scale measures the sustained wind speeds of hurricanes and estimates potential damage.
**Why do scientists use the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind scale?**
Scientists use this scale to categorize hurricanes to better communicate the storm’s intensity and potential impact to the public and emergency responders.
---
**Which hurricane will be more destructive - a Category 1 or a Category 5?**
A Category 5 hurricane will be more destructive.
**Answer Question #1 on Page 10:**
Why do scientists create models from the data they collect about hurricanes?
Scientists create models to simulate hurricane behavior, predict their path, intensity, and potential impacts to improve preparedness and response efforts.
---
**Explain the relationship between climate change and hurricane formation (Pages 12-13).**
Climate change results in warmer ocean temperatures and altered weather patterns, which can increase the frequency and intensity of hurricanes.
**How does being able to predict the severity of hurricanes help government agencies and first responders to prepare for a hurricane?**
Accurate predictions allow for timely evacuations, allocation of resources, and planning of emergency responses to minimize damage and save lives.
---
### Lesson 5: Learning from Hurricane Katrina
**Page 2 - Factors making Hurricane Katrina devastating:**
1. Poor levee design and infrastructure.
2. High storm surge and extensive rainfall.
3. Lack of effective evacuation plans and response.
---
**Page 3 - Are hurricanes predictable?**
Yes, hurricanes can be somewhat predictable. Meteorologists use data and models to forecast their paths and potential intensity.
---
**Models (Page 4):**
How are models helpful for predicting and planning for hurricanes?
1. They allow for accurate tracking of hurricanes' paths.
2. They help estimate potential damage and necessary preparations.
---
**Data Collection (Page 5):**
Scientists use **Doppler radar** to track the movement of air inside a hurricane. Doppler radar uses radio waves sent from an antenna.
Scientists also use **satellite images** from space to track where a storm is going and its speed.
**List some of the other tools scientists use to collect hurricane data:**
1. Buoys for oceanic data.
2. Reconnaissance aircraft for in-storm data collection.
3. Weather balloons for upper-atmospheric data.
---
**Page 12 and 13 - Technologies to lessen hurricane impact:**
Doppler radar helps track storms and provides real-time data to forecasters, assisting in storm warnings and monitoring.
**Pages 14-15 - Response failures in Hurricane Katrina:**
One failure was the slow response of federal, state, and local agencies in providing timely assistance and recovery efforts post-hurricane.
---
### Lesson 6: Using Data to Predict Wildfires
**Benefits of Wildfires (page 4):**
1. They help maintain healthy ecosystems.
2. They promote new growth and biodiversity.
3. They can help manage pest populations.
4. They enrich the soil with nutrients.
---
**What Makes a Wildfire (page 5):**
All fires need **fuel**, **oxygen**, and **heat** to burn.
**What is the leading cause of wildfires in the United States?**
The leading cause of wildfires in the United States is human activity, including campfires, discarded cigarettes, and power lines.
**Heat waves, **droughts**, and **high winds** are three natural phenomena that can contribute to the likelihood of wildfires and their intensity.
---
**Predicting Wildfires (page 6):**
Drought conditions dry out vegetation, making it more flammable, which increases the risk of wildfires.
---
**Page 9 - Wind Analysis:**
Using the chart, winds over 20 mph with low humidity would likely lead to catastrophic results if a wildfire started due to the increased rate of fire spread.
---
**Pages 15, 16, and 17 - GPS and Wildfire Data:**
GPS stands for Global Positioning System, and it is used by meteorologists to provide firefighters with precise locations of wildfires and assist in mapping containment strategies.
---
### Lesson 7: Mitigating the Effects of Wildfires
**Page 2 - Wildfire Ignition:**
List 2 ways that wildfires can start:
1. Accidental human activities.
2. Natural causes such as lightning strikes.
---
**How do droughts contribute to wildfires growing out of control?**
Droughts lead to dry vegetation, which acts as fuel for wildfires, allowing them to grow rapidly and uncontrollably.
**What does mitigate mean?**
Mitigate means to reduce the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something, such as reducing the impact of wildfires.
---
**Page 3 - Data from Satellites:**
List 4 types of data that scientists obtain from satellites:
1. Temperature readings.
2. Vegetation moisture levels.
3. Fire hot spots.
4. Weather patterns and forecasts.
---
**Page 5 - Fire Prevention Technique:**
The technique used by Native Americans and now by the U.S. Forest Service is **controlled burns** or **prescribed fires** to reduce fuel buildup and the risk of larger wildfires.
**Recommended Video -**
**Type of Plate Boundary**
**How the Plates Move**
**Divergent Boundary**
Plates move apart from each other.
**Convergent Boundary**
Plates move toward each other.
**Transform Boundary**
Plates slide past one another.
**What happens frequently around the Ring of Fire?**
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur frequently around the Ring of Fire.
---
### Page 4 - Complete the following table:
| Type of Wave | Description of Motion | Other Information |
|--------------|----------------------|-------------------|
| P waves | Push and pull in the same direction as the wave | Fastest seismic waves; can travel through solids and liquids |
| S waves | Move perpendicular to the direction of wave travel | Arrive at seismograph after P waves; can only travel through solids |
| Surface waves| Travel along the Earth's surface | Cause the most damage during an earthquake |
**Which type of seismic waves are responsible for causing damage during an earthquake?**
Surface waves are responsible for causing damage during an earthquake.
---
### Page 5 - What is the magnitude of an earthquake?
The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the energy released at the source of the earthquake, typically measured on the Richter scale or moment magnitude scale.
**What is the intensity of an earthquake?**
The intensity of an earthquake refers to the effects and damage it causes at specific locations, often measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.
**Which earthquake would do more damage: one with a high intensity or a low intensity?**
An earthquake with a high intensity would do more damage.
**What area of the United States has the highest hazard rating?**
The area of the United States with the highest hazard rating is California, particularly near the San Andreas Fault.
**Can earthquakes be predicted? Explain.**
Currently, earthquakes cannot be predicted with precision. Scientists can identify areas at risk and estimate probabilities, but the exact time and location of an earthquake cannot be foreseen.
---
### Page 11 - Description of how scientists use data to find the epicenter of an earthquake:
Scientists collect data from thousands of seismograph stations around the world to find the epicenters of earthquakes. Data from several seismograph stations is needed to triangulate the location of the epicenter based on the time difference between the arrival of P waves and S waves.
**How do scientists use seismic data in addition to identifying the epicenter of an earthquake?**
Scientists use seismic data to understand the earthquake's depth, estimate its magnitude, analyze ground shaking, and study its potential impact on surrounding areas.
---
### Lesson 3: Volcanic Eruptions
**Page 2 and 3 - Monitoring for Eruption:**
Scientists were monitoring seismic activity and volcanic gas emissions, as well as ground deformation, starting in March of 1980 which alerted them that the volcano would soon erupt.
**What does a seismograph measure?**
A seismograph measures the vibrations and shaking of the ground caused by seismic waves from earthquakes and volcanic activity.
---
**Page 4 – Active Volcanoes:**
There are over 1,500 active volcanoes around the world, primarily located along tectonic plate boundaries. There are about 169 active volcanoes in the United States.
---
**Page 5 – Hazards of Volcanic Eruption:**
The different hazards from a volcanic eruption include lava flow, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, volcanic gases, and lahars (volcanic mudflows).
---
**Page 6 - Volcano Prediction:**
Scientists cannot prevent volcanoes from erupting, but eruptions can often be predicted using various monitoring techniques.
**What is the Volcano Notification Service (VNS)?**
The Volcano Notification Service (VNS) is a service that provides timely information to the public regarding volcanic activity and hazards.
---
### Lesson 4: Tracking Hurricane Dorian
**The Life of a Hurricane (Page 3):**
Hurricanes form over **warm** ocean waters near the **equator**. They usually start as a **tropical** wave. As the storm moves across water, its intensity increases as more warm water rises into it. Warm water rising into the storm causes the air pressure to **decrease**. More air is added to the storm by **convection** currents. Convection currents move air from areas of **high** pressure to areas of **low** pressure. Low pressure causes more air to rush into the storm, where it **rises** and **cools**, producing more clouds and thunderstorms. The storm is categorized into different stages as its strength and speed change.
**The Coriolis Effect:**
In the Northern hemisphere - **clockwise**
In the Southern hemisphere - **counterclockwise**
**Explain the relationship between air pressure and wind.**
High pressure leads to sinking air, which results in calm weather, while low pressure results in rising air and stormy conditions, causing winds to move from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
---
**What causes a hurricane to lose strength?**
A hurricane can lose strength due to moving over cooler waters, making landfall, or encountering strong wind shear.
**Ranking Hurricanes (Page 4):**
What is the name of the scale that meteorologists use to categorize hurricanes?
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.
**What does this scale measure?**
This scale measures the sustained wind speeds of hurricanes and estimates potential damage.
**Why do scientists use the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind scale?**
Scientists use this scale to categorize hurricanes to better communicate the storm’s intensity and potential impact to the public and emergency responders.
---
**Which hurricane will be more destructive - a Category 1 or a Category 5?**
A Category 5 hurricane will be more destructive.
**Answer Question #1 on Page 10:**
Why do scientists create models from the data they collect about hurricanes?
Scientists create models to simulate hurricane behavior, predict their path, intensity, and potential impacts to improve preparedness and response efforts.
---
**Explain the relationship between climate change and hurricane formation (Pages 12-13).**
Climate change results in warmer ocean temperatures and altered weather patterns, which can increase the frequency and intensity of hurricanes.
**How does being able to predict the severity of hurricanes help government agencies and first responders to prepare for a hurricane?**
Accurate predictions allow for timely evacuations, allocation of resources, and planning of emergency responses to minimize damage and save lives.
---
### Lesson 5: Learning from Hurricane Katrina
**Page 2 - Factors making Hurricane Katrina devastating:**
1. Poor levee design and infrastructure.
2. High storm surge and extensive rainfall.
3. Lack of effective evacuation plans and response.
---
**Page 3 - Are hurricanes predictable?**
Yes, hurricanes can be somewhat predictable. Meteorologists use data and models to forecast their paths and potential intensity.
---
**Models (Page 4):**
How are models helpful for predicting and planning for hurricanes?
1. They allow for accurate tracking of hurricanes' paths.
2. They help estimate potential damage and necessary preparations.
---
**Data Collection (Page 5):**
Scientists use **Doppler radar** to track the movement of air inside a hurricane. Doppler radar uses radio waves sent from an antenna.
Scientists also use **satellite images** from space to track where a storm is going and its speed.
**List some of the other tools scientists use to collect hurricane data:**
1. Buoys for oceanic data.
2. Reconnaissance aircraft for in-storm data collection.
3. Weather balloons for upper-atmospheric data.
---
**Page 12 and 13 - Technologies to lessen hurricane impact:**
Doppler radar helps track storms and provides real-time data to forecasters, assisting in storm warnings and monitoring.
**Pages 14-15 - Response failures in Hurricane Katrina:**
One failure was the slow response of federal, state, and local agencies in providing timely assistance and recovery efforts post-hurricane.
---
### Lesson 6: Using Data to Predict Wildfires
**Benefits of Wildfires (page 4):**
1. They help maintain healthy ecosystems.
2. They promote new growth and biodiversity.
3. They can help manage pest populations.
4. They enrich the soil with nutrients.
---
**What Makes a Wildfire (page 5):**
All fires need **fuel**, **oxygen**, and **heat** to burn.
**What is the leading cause of wildfires in the United States?**
The leading cause of wildfires in the United States is human activity, including campfires, discarded cigarettes, and power lines.
**Heat waves, **droughts**, and **high winds** are three natural phenomena that can contribute to the likelihood of wildfires and their intensity.
---
**Predicting Wildfires (page 6):**
Drought conditions dry out vegetation, making it more flammable, which increases the risk of wildfires.
---
**Page 9 - Wind Analysis:**
Using the chart, winds over 20 mph with low humidity would likely lead to catastrophic results if a wildfire started due to the increased rate of fire spread.
---
**Pages 15, 16, and 17 - GPS and Wildfire Data:**
GPS stands for Global Positioning System, and it is used by meteorologists to provide firefighters with precise locations of wildfires and assist in mapping containment strategies.
---
### Lesson 7: Mitigating the Effects of Wildfires
**Page 2 - Wildfire Ignition:**
List 2 ways that wildfires can start:
1. Accidental human activities.
2. Natural causes such as lightning strikes.
---
**How do droughts contribute to wildfires growing out of control?**
Droughts lead to dry vegetation, which acts as fuel for wildfires, allowing them to grow rapidly and uncontrollably.
**What does mitigate mean?**
Mitigate means to reduce the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something, such as reducing the impact of wildfires.
---
**Page 3 - Data from Satellites:**
List 4 types of data that scientists obtain from satellites:
1. Temperature readings.
2. Vegetation moisture levels.
3. Fire hot spots.
4. Weather patterns and forecasts.
---
**Page 5 - Fire Prevention Technique:**
The technique used by Native Americans and now by the U.S. Forest Service is **controlled burns** or **prescribed fires** to reduce fuel buildup and the risk of larger wildfires.