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KYHEIRA ROWLEY
8th Grade
ASSESSMENT - 3/26 and 3/27 LEAP skills quiz
Question Id : 1540018
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Genetic Mutations
Mutation as a process that creates genetic variation. Mutation creates variations in protein-coding portions of genes that can affect the protein itself. More often, it creates variations in the switches that control when and where a protein is active and how much protein is made.
For example: lactase is an enzyme that helps infants break down lactose, a sugar in milk. Normally the gene that codes for lactase is active in babies and then turned off at about age four. When people who do not make lactase consume milk, they experience discomfort. But some people have a variation in a genetic switch that keeps the lactase gene active and people who have it can keep milk in their diets even as adults.
Mutations are a source of genetic variation. Mutations that occur in sex cells or gametes, can be passed from one generation to the next. Mutations that occur in somatic or body cells, like a mutation causing skin cancer, will not be passed on. Mutations can be classified as harmful, as is the case of the sickle cell gene, beneficial, or having no impact on the organism at all, neutral.
Most of the mutations in our DNA are naturally-occurring. For example, when a cell divides, it makes a copy of its DNA and sometimes the copy is not perfect. That small difference from the original DNA sequence is a mutation. Mutations can also be caused by exposure to specific chemicals or radiation; mutagens.
There are many different ways that DNA can be changed, resulting in different types of mutation.
Substitution
A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another. A substitution could:
~change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the beta-hemoglobin gene, which alters a single amino acid in the protein produced.
~change a codon to one that encodes the same amino acid and causes no change in the protein produced. These are called silent mutations.
~change an amino-acid-coding codon to a single "stop" codon and cause an incomplete protein. This can have serious effects since the incomplete protein probably won't function.
Insertion
Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.
Deletion
Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.
Question 1
PART A
When DNA replication occurs before meiosis, the original DNA strand CAG TGT TTA TAG is copied into complementary strand GTC ACA GGC ATC. What type of mutation has occurred?
Responses
A deletion
B insertion
C inversion
D substitution
PART B
When DNA replication occurs before meiosis, the original DNA strand GTC ACA GGC ATC is copied into complementary strand CAG CCG TAG. What type of mutation has occurred??
Responses
A deletion
B insertion
C inversion
D translocation
Open options
Avatar
KYHEIRA ROWLEY
8th Grade
ASSESSMENT - 3/26 and 3/27 LEAP skills quiz
Question Id : 1540018
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exit
2 of 72 of 7 Items
01:11:29
Feature
Genetic Mutations
Mutation as a process that creates genetic variation. Mutation creates variations in protein-coding portions of genes that can affect the protein itself. More often, it creates variations in the switches that control when and where a protein is active and how much protein is made.
For example: lactase is an enzyme that helps infants break down lactose, a sugar in milk. Normally the gene that codes for lactase is active in babies and then turned off at about age four. When people who do not make lactase consume milk, they experience discomfort. But some people have a variation in a genetic switch that keeps the lactase gene active and people who have it can keep milk in their diets even as adults.
Mutations are a source of genetic variation. Mutations that occur in sex cells or gametes, can be passed from one generation to the next. Mutations that occur in somatic or body cells, like a mutation causing skin cancer, will not be passed on. Mutations can be classified as harmful, as is the case of the sickle cell gene, beneficial, or having no impact on the organism at all, neutral.
Most of the mutations in our DNA are naturally-occurring. For example, when a cell divides, it makes a copy of its DNA and sometimes the copy is not perfect. That small difference from the original DNA sequence is a mutation. Mutations can also be caused by exposure to specific chemicals or radiation; mutagens.
There are many different ways that DNA can be changed, resulting in different types of mutation.
Substitution
A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another. A substitution could:
~change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the beta-hemoglobin gene, which alters a single amino acid in the protein produced.
~change a codon to one that encodes the same amino acid and causes no change in the protein produced. These are called silent mutations.
~change an amino-acid-coding codon to a single "stop" codon and cause an incomplete protein. This can have serious effects since the incomplete protein probably won't function.
Insertion
Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.
Deletion
Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.
Question 1
PART A
When DNA replication occurs before meiosis, the original DNA strand CAG TGT TTA TAG is copied into complementary strand GTC ACA GGC ATC. What type of mutation has occurred?
Responses
A deletion
B insertion
C inversion
D substitution
PART B
When DNA replication occurs before meiosis, the original DNA strand GTC ACA GGC ATC is copied into complementary strand CAG CCG TAG. What type of mutation has occurred??
Responses
A deletion
B insertion
C inversion
D translocation
Answers
Answered by
GPT-4o mini
To determine the mutation types described in the questions, let's analyze each part:
**PART A:**
Original DNA strand: CAG TGT TTA TAG
Complementary strand: GTC ACA GGC ATC
To find out the mutation that has occurred, let's first write down the complementary sequence based on the original strand:
- CAG → GTC
- TGT → ACA
- TTA → AAC
- TAG → ATC
Now let's compare it with the provided complementary strand (GTC ACA GGC ATC):
- Original: TTA
- Mutated: GGC
Here, a segment (TTA) has been replaced with GGC, indicating that a single base pair was replaced. This phenomenon is best classified as a **substitution mutation**.
**Response for PART A:**
**D. substitution**
---
**PART B:**
Original DNA strand: GTC ACA GGC ATC
Complementary strand: CAG CCG TAG
Again, let's write down the complementary sequence based on the original strand:
- GTC → CAG
- ACA → TGT
- GGC → CCG
- ATC → TAG
Now let's compare the given complementary strand (CAG CCG TAG) with the expected based on the original sequence:
- Original: GGC
- Mutated: CCG
Here, only a segment (GGC) was replaced with CCG, indicating a replacement of the nucleotide sequence. This represents a **substitution mutation** as well.
**Response for PART B:**
**D. substitution**
---
So the answers are:
- **PART A:** D. substitution
- **PART B:** D. substitution
**PART A:**
Original DNA strand: CAG TGT TTA TAG
Complementary strand: GTC ACA GGC ATC
To find out the mutation that has occurred, let's first write down the complementary sequence based on the original strand:
- CAG → GTC
- TGT → ACA
- TTA → AAC
- TAG → ATC
Now let's compare it with the provided complementary strand (GTC ACA GGC ATC):
- Original: TTA
- Mutated: GGC
Here, a segment (TTA) has been replaced with GGC, indicating that a single base pair was replaced. This phenomenon is best classified as a **substitution mutation**.
**Response for PART A:**
**D. substitution**
---
**PART B:**
Original DNA strand: GTC ACA GGC ATC
Complementary strand: CAG CCG TAG
Again, let's write down the complementary sequence based on the original strand:
- GTC → CAG
- ACA → TGT
- GGC → CCG
- ATC → TAG
Now let's compare the given complementary strand (CAG CCG TAG) with the expected based on the original sequence:
- Original: GGC
- Mutated: CCG
Here, only a segment (GGC) was replaced with CCG, indicating a replacement of the nucleotide sequence. This represents a **substitution mutation** as well.
**Response for PART B:**
**D. substitution**
---
So the answers are:
- **PART A:** D. substitution
- **PART B:** D. substitution