Question

Name _____________________________Class _______________________ Date ____________ The Industrial Revolution Lesson 2 Industrialization Case Study: Manchester Key Terms and People urbanization city building and the movement of people to cities middle class social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers Before You Read In the last lesson, you read about the Industrial Revolution. In this lesson, you will read about some of its effects. As You Read Use an outline to organize the summaries’ main ideas and details. INDUSTRIALIZATION CHANGES LIFE How did industrialization change people’s ways of life? Industrialization brought many changes to the British people. More people could use coal to heat their homes, eat better food, and wear better clothing. Another change was urbanization— city building and the movement of people to cities. For centuries, most people in Europe had lived in the country. By the 1800s, more and more people lived in cities, where they had come to find jobs. Living conditions were bad in crowded cities. Many people could not find good housing, schools, or police protection. Filth, garbage, and sickness were part of life in the slums. A person in a city could expect to live 17 years. In the countryside, a person could expect to live 38 years. Working conditions were also bad. The average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week. Many workers were killed or seriously injured in accidents. 1. What were major changes in living conditions and working conditions? CLASS TENSIONS GROW; POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Who were the members of the middle class? Some people’s lives were improved in the new economy. The Industrial Revolution created new wealth for the © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company208 Guided Reading Workbook
Living conditions became crowded and unsanitary. Working conditions were often hazardous and long.

Name _____________________________Class _______________________ Date ____________ Lesson 2, continued middle class, which included skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers. People in the middle class enjoyed comfortable lives in pleasant homes. This class began to grow in size. Some people grew wealthier than the nobles who had been in control for many centuries. The Industrial Revolution had many good effects. It created wealth. It created jobs for workers and over time helped many of them live better lives. It produced better diets, better housing, and better clothing at lower prices. 2. How did industrialization affect the middle class? The Mills of ManchesTer What changes occurred in Manchester? The English city of Manchester is a good example of how industrialization changed society. Rapid growth made the city crowded and filthy. The factory owners risked their money and worked long hours to make their businesses grow. In return, they enjoyed huge profits and built huge houses. The workers also worked long hours but had few benefits. Many of these workers were children, some only six years old. The British government did not limit the use of children as workers until 1819. The large amount of industry in Manchester caused environmental problems. Coal smoke and cloth dyes from the factories polluted the air and water. Yet Manchester also created many jobs, a variety of consumer goods, and great wealth. 3. Why is Manchester a good example of how industrialization changed cities? © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company209 Guided Reading Workbook
Industrialization led to an expansion of the middle class. They gained more wealth and social influence.

Manchester exemplified industrialization with its rapid growth. It transformed from a small town to a major industrial city.

Name _____________________________Class _______________________ Date ____________ Lesson 2, continued What were the long-term consequences of the Industrial Revolution for each of the following? 7. The environment8. Education As you read this case study, answer the questions to consider how industrialization changed the way people lived and worked. What changes did industrialization bring about for the following groups of people? 1. Poor city dwellers 2. Factory workers 3. Wealthy merchants, factory owners, shippers 4. Children 5. Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers 6. Large landowners and aristocrats © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company210 Guided Reading Workbook

Answer 1

Below is an organized outline based on the given text about the Industrial Revolution and its effects, specifically the case study of Manchester.

### OUTLINE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CASE STUDY OF MANCHESTER

#### I. Industrialization Changes Life
A. Improvements in Living Conditions
1. Increased access to coal for heating
2. Better food and clothing

B. Urbanization
1. Movement of people from rural areas to cities
2. By the 1800s, urban living became more common

C. Poor Living Conditions in Cities
1. Crowded and unsanitary environments
2. Lack of housing, schools, and police protection
3. Life expectancy in cities (17 years) compared to the countryside (38 years)

D. Working Conditions
1. Long hours (14 hours/day, 6 days/week)
2. High risk for accidents and injuries

#### II. Class Tensions Grow; Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
A. Rise of the Middle Class
1. Comprising skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
2. Enjoyment of comfortable lives and pleasant homes
3. Size of the middle class increased, with some surpassing nobles in wealth

B. Economic Benefits
1. Creation of new wealth and jobs
2. Improved diets, housing, and clothing at lower prices

#### III. The Mills of Manchester
A. Rapid Growth of Manchester
1. Transformation from a small town to a major industrial city
2. Crowded and filthy living conditions as a result of industrial growth

B. Roles of Factory Owners and Workers
1. Factory owners: risked money, worked long hours, enjoyed large profits
2. Workers: also worked long hours, often faced poor conditions, including child labor

C. Environmental Impact
1. Pollution of air and water due to coal smoke and factory dyes
2. Despite environmental challenges, Manchester created significant job opportunities and wealth

#### IV. Long-Term Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
A. Environmental Consequences
1. Pollution and degradation due to industrial activities

B. Changes in Education
1. Shift in focus towards education for better job opportunities

#### V. Changes in the Lives of Different Social Groups Due to Industrialization
A. Poor City Dwellers
1. Faced overcrowding and unsanitary conditions

B. Factory Workers
1. Endured long work hours and hazardous conditions

C. Wealthy Merchants, Factory Owners, Shippers
1. Experienced significant wealth and social influence

D. Children
1. Often employed in factories, sometimes as young as six years old

E. Lower Middle Class (Factory Overseers and Skilled Workers)
1. Gained some stability yet still struggled compared to higher classes

F. Large Landowners and Aristocrats
1. Saw a decline in social and economic power in some areas due to the rise of the industrial middle class

This outline summarizes the key points and details regarding the effects of industrialization, as illustrated through the case study of Manchester.