Question

Introduction, main body and the reference to how cognitive Approach differ from the strict behavioral approach

Answer 1

### Introduction

The study of psychology encompasses various approaches that offer insights into human behavior and mental processes. Among these, the cognitive approach and the strict behavioral approach are two prominent frameworks that provide different perspectives on understanding and addressing psychological phenomena. While both approaches aim to explain behavior, they diverge significantly in their underlying assumptions, methods, and focus areas. This essay will explore the key differences between the cognitive approach and the strict behavioral approach, highlighting their theoretical foundations and practical implications.

### Main Body

#### The Behavioral Approach

The strict behavioral approach, rooted in the work of theorists such as B.F. Skinner and John Watson, emphasizes observable behaviors over internal mental states. This approach posits that all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment and can be modified through conditioning—either classical (Pavlov) or operant (Skinner). The primary focus is on the relationship between stimulus and response, with an assumption that behavior can be understood without delving into cognitive processes. For instance, behaviorists prioritize the use of reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior, suggesting that these external factors are sufficient to explain and predict actions.

Behaviorism is characterized by empirical methods, relying heavily on experiments and observable data. The underlying belief is that psychological studies should only concern themselves with what can be seen and measured, excluding subjective experiences, thoughts, and emotions. This focus on external behaviors often leads to effective behavioral modification techniques, particularly in clinical settings, such as in the treatment of phobias or addiction.

#### The Cognitive Approach

In contrast, the cognitive approach, pioneered by figures such as Jean Piaget and Aaron Beck, shifts the focus from external behaviors to internal mental processes. Cognitive psychology posits that understanding how individuals think, perceive, remember, and make decisions is essential for comprehending behavior. This approach considers mental processes as vital components of human experience and emphasizes the impact of cognition on behavior.

Cognitive theorists employ methods such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which combines principles from both cognitive and behavioral approaches. This method recognizes that negative thought patterns can lead to maladaptive behaviors, thus addressing both the cognitive and behavioral aspects of psychology. Overall, the cognitive approach advocates for a more holistic view of human behavior, acknowledging that cognitive processes significantly influence how individuals interpret their experiences and act accordingly.

#### Key Differences

The fundamental differences between the cognitive and strict behavioral approaches can be summarized as follows:

1. **Focus of Study**: The behavioral approach zeroes in on observable behavior, while the cognitive approach emphasizes mental processes.

2. **Theoretical Foundations**: Behaviorism is grounded in the principles of conditioning, whereas cognitive psychology is based on the study of mental functions such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.

3. **Methodology**: The behavioral approach typically employs objective measurements and experimental methods, focusing on controlled environments. In contrast, the cognitive approach may utilize a combination of experimental and qualitative methods to assess internal processes.

4. **Understanding of Human Behavior**: Behaviorism sees behavior as a direct result of environmental stimuli, while cognitive theory acknowledges the mediating role of thoughts and beliefs in shaping behavior.

5. **Application**: Behavioral strategies often focus on modifying specific behavior patterns through reinforcement, while cognitive methods aim to transform underlying belief systems and cognitive distortions to affect behavior change.

### Conclusion

The cognitive approach and strict behavioral approach offer distinct yet complementary perspectives on human behavior. The former emphasizes the significance of mental processes in understanding behavior, while the latter focuses on observable actions shaped by environmental factors. Together, these approaches enrich the field of psychology, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities of human cognition and behavior. Bridging insights from both frameworks can lead to more effective therapeutic interventions and a deeper appreciation of the interplay between thoughts, feelings, and actions.

### References

1. Skinner, B. F. (1953). *Science and Human Behavior*. New York: Macmillan.
2. Watson, J. B. (1930). *Behaviorism*. New York: Norton.
3. Beck, A. T. (1976). *Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders*. New York: Penguin.
4. Piaget, J. (1952). *The Origins of Intelligence in Children*. New York: International Universities Press.