Question

Reference of deviance and social control

Answer 1

Deviance refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or expectations. Social control, on the other hand, encompasses the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that societies use to regulate individual behavior and maintain social order.

Here are some key references and concepts pertaining to deviance and social control in sociology:

### Key Concepts:

1. **Deviance**:
- **Norms**: Social rules that establish standards of acceptable behavior.
- **Types of Deviance**: Primary deviance (initial acts of rule-breaking), secondary deviance (deviance that arises from the reaction to the initial act), and tertiary deviance (normalization of behavior).
- **Theories**:
- **Strain Theory** (Robert Merton): Suggests that society's emphasis on success and the lack of legitimate means to achieve it leads to deviance.
- **Labeling Theory** (Howard Becker): Proposes that deviance is a result of societal labels placed on individuals.
- **Differential Association Theory** (Edwin Sutherland): Argues that deviance is learned through interactions with others.

2. **Social Control**:
- **Formal Control**: Enforced by laws and governmental agencies (e.g., police, courts).
- **Informal Control**: Enforced by social norms, community expectations, and family (e.g., peer pressure, gossip).
- **Theories**:
- **Social Bond Theory** (Travis Hirschi): Suggests that stronger social bonds decrease the likelihood of deviant behavior.
- **Control Theory**: Emphasizes the role of social institutions and relationships in regulating behavior.

### Core References:

1. **Books**:
- "Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance" by Howard Becker
- "The Rules of Sociological Method" by Émile Durkheim
- "On Deviance" by Erving Goffman
- "Deviance and Social Control: A Sociological Perspective" by Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler

2. **Journals**:
- *Deviant Behavior*
- *Criminology*
- *Social Problems*
- *Journal of Criminal Justice*

3. **Classic Studies**:
- Emile Durkheim's "The Division of Labor in Society" and "Suicide" which discuss societal norms and collective consciousness.
- Edwin Sutherland's "Principles of Criminology," where he introduces the concept of differential association.

4. **Articles**:
- Links between deviance and social control can also be found in various scholarly articles discussing contemporary issues like cyberbullying, drug use, and the enforcement of social norms in different cultures.

These references provide a foundation for understanding how societies define and react to deviance, as well as the implications of these dynamics for social cohesion and individual identity.