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Examples of neutral and acidic lipids

Which Enzyme that converts F-6-P to F-1,6-BP and OAA to PEP during gluconeogenesis
Sugars as receptors on RBCs
PH value for urine, saliva, pancreatic and gastric juices, insterstital fluid
Which enzymes convert malware to OAA
Pathophysiology of DM I and DM II
Lipolysis and lipogenesis and their pathway

1 answer

Certainly! Here’s a summary addressing each of your requests:

1. Examples of Neutral and Acidic Lipids:

  • Neutral Lipids: These are typically triglycerides and sterols. Examples include:
    • Triglycerides (fats and oils)
    • Cholesterol (a sterol)
  • Acidic Lipids: These include phospholipids and sphingolipids, which contain acidic groups. Examples include:
    • Phosphatidylcholine
    • Phosphatidylserine
    • Sphingomyelin

2. Enzyme that Converts F-6-P to F-1,6-BP and OAA to PEP during Gluconeogenesis:

  • Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate: Catalyzed by Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) in glycolysis, and the reverse reaction is catalyzed by Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase during gluconeogenesis.
  • Oxaloacetate (OAA) to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): Catalyzed by Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK).

3. Sugars as Receptors on RBCs:

  • Blood group antigens (ABO blood group system) on red blood cells (RBCs) are primarily carbohydrates:
    • A antigen: N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)
    • B antigen: Galactose
    • O antigen: No additional sugar; considered the base structure.
  • These sugars act as receptors for specific antibodies and are important for blood transfusion compatibility.

4. pH Value for Urine, Saliva, Pancreatic and Gastric Juices, Interstitial Fluid:

  • Urine: pH 4.5–8.0 (usually around 6.0)
  • Saliva: pH 6.0–7.4 (on average ~7.0)
  • Pancreatic Juices: pH 7.5–8.0 (alkaline)
  • Gastric Juices: pH 1.5–3.5 (acidic)
  • Interstitial Fluid: Generally around pH 7.4 (similar to blood plasma).

5. Enzymes that Convert Malate to OAA:

  • The enzyme Malate Dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate (OAA) in the mitochondria and the cytosol during the citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis pathways.

6. Pathophysiology of DM I and DM II:

  • Diabetes Mellitus Type I (DM I):
    • Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas leads to absolute insulin deficiency.
    • Symptoms may include hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, weight loss, and increased urination.
  • Diabetes Mellitus Type II (DM II):
    • Characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; the pancreas initially compensates by producing more insulin but eventually fails.
    • Factors include obesity, genetics, and lifestyle; symptoms also include hyperglycemia, but ketoacidosis is less common.

7. Lipolysis and Lipogenesis and Their Pathway:

  • Lipolysis: The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.

    • Key Enzymes: Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a major enzyme in adipose tissue.
    • Pathway: Triggered by hormones like glucagon and epinephrine; involves conversion to fatty acids.

  • Lipogenesis: The synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA; primarily occurs in the liver and adipose tissue.

    • Key Enzymes: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), Fatty acid synthase (FAS).
    • Pathway: Initiated by insulin; involves converting excess carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids.

I hope this information is helpful! If you have further questions or need more details on any topic, feel free to ask.