Question
Using the following the textbook in class you will create your own notes pages about renewable and nonrenewable energy. Use the end of chapter questions and vocabulary to build your notes.
Chapter 11- Questions are on page 380. Match the key term to the definition for 1-10 and then answer the key concept questions 11-19
Chapter 12- Questions are on page 410. Match the key term to the definition for 1-9 and then answer the key concept questions 10-19
Chapter 13- Questions are on page 446. Match the key term to the definition for 1-11 and then answer the key concept questions 12-20
Answer each question but leave the question there with the answer.
Chapter 11:
Define:
asthenesphere
continental drift
core
crust
mineral
mineral resource
mountaintop removal
depletion time
nanotechnology
Igneous rock
open-pit mining
lithosphere
mantle
metamorphic
rock
materials
overburden
ore
rare earth metal
reserve rock
revolution
rock cycle
sedimentary
rock
smelting
spoils
strip mining
subsurface
mining
surface mining,
tailings
tectonic plate
A solid of one mineral or a combination of minerals found in Earth's crust
The combination of Earth's crust and rigid outermost part of the mantle
The supply of a nonrenewable mineral resource that is economically feasible for extraction
Type of mining in which terraces are cut into the side of a slope
The soil and rock removed from a surface mine before minerals are extracted
A process in which ores are heated to release metals
One of a group of minerals with unique properties that lend themselves to use in technology products
The slow movement of continents across Earth's surface
The layer of Earth beneath the lithosphere in which convection currents flow
Rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral-often a metal-to make it profitable for mining and processing
List five important mineral resources and their uses.
Describe the environmental effects of gold mining.
What are tectonic plates? What typically happens when they collide or move apart from each other?
What is depletion time and what factors alfect it?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of biomining?
What problems could arise from the widespread use of nanotechnology?
Describe the conventional view of the relationship between the supply of a mineral resource and its market price.
Describe the potential of using graphene as a nem resource.
What are the major safety hazards of working in a subsurface coal mine?
Chapter 12:
Defines:
Coal
commercial
energy
crude oil
horizontal
drilling
hydraulic
fracturing
natural gas
net energy
nuclear fission
nuclear fusion
peak production
petrochemical proven oil
reserve
refining
The amount of usable energy left once the energy is made available
A black, gooey liquid containing a mixture of combustible hydrocarbons
Energy produced when the nuclei of two isotopes: of a light element such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures
The process by which oil is heated to separate it into various fuels and other components with different balling points
Energy so din the marketplace
A mixture of gases, of which 50-90% is methane
Method that uses pumps to blast huge volúmes of a mixture of water, sand, and various chemicals into a well to fracture rock and release natural gas or oil
Product made from the refining of crude or
A solid fossil fuel formed from the remains of land plants that are buried and exposed to intense heat and pressure for 300-400 million years
Why are certain energy resources called fossil fuels?
What challenges and opportunities are associated with methane escaping from Arctic lakes?
What is net energy, and why is it important for evaluating energy resources?
Use the net energy concept to explain why some energy resources are subsidized, and give an example of such a resource.
How do horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods allow companies to access previously unavailable oil and gas deposits?
Why are certain energy resources called fossil fuels?
What challenges and opportunities are associated with methane escaping from Arctic lakes?
What is net energy, and why is it important for evaluating energy resources?
Use the net energy concept to explain why some energy resources are subsidized, and give an example of such a resource.
How do horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods allow companies to access previously unavailable oil and gas deposits?
Chapter 13:
Define:
active solar
heating system
biofuel
biomass
cogeneration
decarbonization
district heating
energy
efficiency
geothermal
energy
hydrogen fuel
cell
hydropower
passive solar
heating system
photovoltaic cell
solar thermal
system
System that absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a well-insulated structure
Thin wafer of purified silicon or polycrystalline silicon with trace amounts of metals that allow it to produce electricity
Device that uses hydrogen gas as a fuel to produce electricity when it reacts with oxygen gas in the atmosphere and emits harmless water vapor
Plant materials that can be burned as a solid fuel or converted into gaseous or liquid biofuels
Heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in Earth's mantle
Any technology that uses the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water to produce electricity
A measure of how much useful work each unit of input energy provides
Uses different methods to collect and concentrate solar energy in order to boil water and produce steam for generating electricity
Captures energy from the sun by pumping a heat-absorbing fluid such as water or an antifreeze solution through special collectors, usually mounted on a roof or on special racks that face thip sun
System used to produce two useful forms of energy from the same fuel source
Involves a global transition away from dependence on fossil fuels
What makes one appliance more efficient than another model of the same appliance?
Give an example of cogeneration and explain how it reduces fossil fuel use.
What is a smart grid and how is it more efficient than existing grids?
What are the reasons why energy is unnecessarily wasted in industrial processes?
List three ways to save energy and money in transportation.
List four ways to save energy and money in new buildings and in existing buildings.
List four reasons why renewable energy is not more widely used.
What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using hydropower to produce electricity?
What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal energy as a source of heat and to produce electricity?
Chapter 11- Questions are on page 380. Match the key term to the definition for 1-10 and then answer the key concept questions 11-19
Chapter 12- Questions are on page 410. Match the key term to the definition for 1-9 and then answer the key concept questions 10-19
Chapter 13- Questions are on page 446. Match the key term to the definition for 1-11 and then answer the key concept questions 12-20
Answer each question but leave the question there with the answer.
Chapter 11:
Define:
asthenesphere
continental drift
core
crust
mineral
mineral resource
mountaintop removal
depletion time
nanotechnology
Igneous rock
open-pit mining
lithosphere
mantle
metamorphic
rock
materials
overburden
ore
rare earth metal
reserve rock
revolution
rock cycle
sedimentary
rock
smelting
spoils
strip mining
subsurface
mining
surface mining,
tailings
tectonic plate
A solid of one mineral or a combination of minerals found in Earth's crust
The combination of Earth's crust and rigid outermost part of the mantle
The supply of a nonrenewable mineral resource that is economically feasible for extraction
Type of mining in which terraces are cut into the side of a slope
The soil and rock removed from a surface mine before minerals are extracted
A process in which ores are heated to release metals
One of a group of minerals with unique properties that lend themselves to use in technology products
The slow movement of continents across Earth's surface
The layer of Earth beneath the lithosphere in which convection currents flow
Rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral-often a metal-to make it profitable for mining and processing
List five important mineral resources and their uses.
Describe the environmental effects of gold mining.
What are tectonic plates? What typically happens when they collide or move apart from each other?
What is depletion time and what factors alfect it?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of biomining?
What problems could arise from the widespread use of nanotechnology?
Describe the conventional view of the relationship between the supply of a mineral resource and its market price.
Describe the potential of using graphene as a nem resource.
What are the major safety hazards of working in a subsurface coal mine?
Chapter 12:
Defines:
Coal
commercial
energy
crude oil
horizontal
drilling
hydraulic
fracturing
natural gas
net energy
nuclear fission
nuclear fusion
peak production
petrochemical proven oil
reserve
refining
The amount of usable energy left once the energy is made available
A black, gooey liquid containing a mixture of combustible hydrocarbons
Energy produced when the nuclei of two isotopes: of a light element such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures
The process by which oil is heated to separate it into various fuels and other components with different balling points
Energy so din the marketplace
A mixture of gases, of which 50-90% is methane
Method that uses pumps to blast huge volúmes of a mixture of water, sand, and various chemicals into a well to fracture rock and release natural gas or oil
Product made from the refining of crude or
A solid fossil fuel formed from the remains of land plants that are buried and exposed to intense heat and pressure for 300-400 million years
Why are certain energy resources called fossil fuels?
What challenges and opportunities are associated with methane escaping from Arctic lakes?
What is net energy, and why is it important for evaluating energy resources?
Use the net energy concept to explain why some energy resources are subsidized, and give an example of such a resource.
How do horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods allow companies to access previously unavailable oil and gas deposits?
Why are certain energy resources called fossil fuels?
What challenges and opportunities are associated with methane escaping from Arctic lakes?
What is net energy, and why is it important for evaluating energy resources?
Use the net energy concept to explain why some energy resources are subsidized, and give an example of such a resource.
How do horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods allow companies to access previously unavailable oil and gas deposits?
Chapter 13:
Define:
active solar
heating system
biofuel
biomass
cogeneration
decarbonization
district heating
energy
efficiency
geothermal
energy
hydrogen fuel
cell
hydropower
passive solar
heating system
photovoltaic cell
solar thermal
system
System that absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a well-insulated structure
Thin wafer of purified silicon or polycrystalline silicon with trace amounts of metals that allow it to produce electricity
Device that uses hydrogen gas as a fuel to produce electricity when it reacts with oxygen gas in the atmosphere and emits harmless water vapor
Plant materials that can be burned as a solid fuel or converted into gaseous or liquid biofuels
Heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in Earth's mantle
Any technology that uses the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water to produce electricity
A measure of how much useful work each unit of input energy provides
Uses different methods to collect and concentrate solar energy in order to boil water and produce steam for generating electricity
Captures energy from the sun by pumping a heat-absorbing fluid such as water or an antifreeze solution through special collectors, usually mounted on a roof or on special racks that face thip sun
System used to produce two useful forms of energy from the same fuel source
Involves a global transition away from dependence on fossil fuels
What makes one appliance more efficient than another model of the same appliance?
Give an example of cogeneration and explain how it reduces fossil fuel use.
What is a smart grid and how is it more efficient than existing grids?
What are the reasons why energy is unnecessarily wasted in industrial processes?
List three ways to save energy and money in transportation.
List four ways to save energy and money in new buildings and in existing buildings.
List four reasons why renewable energy is not more widely used.
What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using hydropower to produce electricity?
What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal energy as a source of heat and to produce electricity?
Answers
Answered by
GPT-4o mini
# Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Notes
## Chapter 11: Mineral Resources and Mining
### Key Terms & Definitions:
1. **Asthenosphere:** The layer of Earth beneath the lithosphere in which convection currents flow.
2. **Continental Drift:** The slow movement of continents across Earth's surface.
3. **Core:** The innermost layer of the Earth, composed mainly of iron and nickel.
4. **Crust:** The outermost layer of the Earth.
5. **Mineral:** A solid of one mineral or a combination of minerals found in Earth's crust.
6. **Mineral Resource:** The supply of a nonrenewable mineral resource that is economically feasible for extraction.
7. **Mountaintop Removal:** Type of mining in which terraces are cut into the side of a slope.
8. **Depletion Time:** The time it takes to use up a mineral resource.
9. **Nanotechnology:** The manipulation of matter on an atomic or molecular scale.
10. **Igneous Rock:** Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
11. **Open-Pit Mining:** Surface mining technique that involves digging a large hole to extract minerals.
12. **Lithosphere:** The combination of Earth’s crust and the rigid outermost part of the mantle.
13. **Mantle:** The layer of Earth between the crust and core.
14. **Metamorphic Rock:** Rock that has been changed by heat and pressure.
15. **Rock:** The solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth.
16. **Materials:** Raw substances used to make products.
17. **Overburden:** The soil and rock removed from a surface mine before minerals are extracted.
18. **Ore:** Rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral, often a metal, to make it profitable for mining.
19. **Rare Earth Metal:** A set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table.
20. **Reserve:** The supply of a mineral resource that is economically feasible for extraction.
21. **Rock Cycle:** The cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the Earth, including formation, breakdown, and reformation.
22. **Sedimentary Rock:** Rock formed by the accumulation of sediment.
23. **Smelting:** A process in which ores are heated to release metals.
24. **Spoils:** Material that is removed during mining.
25. **Strip Mining:** A type of surface mining which involves stripping away the overburden to reach ore deposits.
26. **Subsurface Mining:** Mining of minerals from underground.
27. **Surface Mining:** The method of mining where soil and rock over the mineral deposit are removed.
28. **Tailings:** Waste materials left after the extraction of minerals.
29. **Tectonic Plate:** Large slabs of Earth's lithosphere that move and interact.
### Key Concept Questions:
11. **List five important mineral resources and their uses.**
- Copper: Electrical wiring
- Aluminum: Construction materials
- Iron: Steel production
- Gold: Electronics and jewelry
- Lithium: Batteries
12. **Describe the environmental effects of gold mining.**
- Gold mining can lead to deforestation, habitat destruction, water pollution from toxic chemicals, and soil degradation.
13. **What are tectonic plates? What typically happens when they collide or move apart from each other?**
- Tectonic plates are huge slabs of Earth's lithosphere that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere. When they collide, they can create mountains or cause earthquakes. When they move apart, new crust may form from magma.
14. **What is depletion time and what factors affect it?**
- Depletion time refers to how long a resource will last based on current consumption rates, affected by abundance, technology, recycling, and consumption rates.
15. **What are the advantages and disadvantages of biomining?**
- Advantages: Environmentally friendly, selective extraction.
- Disadvantages: Slower than traditional methods, and complex processing requirements.
16. **What problems could arise from the widespread use of nanotechnology?**
- Potential hazards include environmental consequences, health risks, and ethical concerns regarding manipulation of materials at the atomic level.
17. **Describe the conventional view of the relationship between the supply of a mineral resource and its market price.**
- Typically, if supply decreases, prices will rise, while an increase in supply usually drives prices down.
18. **Describe the potential of using graphene as a new resource.**
- Graphene has exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, promising advancements in electronics, materials science, and energy storage.
19. **What are the major safety hazards of working in a subsurface coal mine?**
- Hazards include cave-ins, explosions due to flammable gases, poor air quality, and exposure to harmful substances.
---
## Chapter 12: Fossil Fuels and Energy Resources
### Key Terms & Definitions:
1. **Coal:** A solid fossil fuel formed from the remains of land plants buried and exposed to intense heat and pressure for 300-400 million years.
2. **Commercial Energy:** Energy sold in the marketplace.
3. **Crude Oil:** A black, gooey liquid containing a mixture of combustible hydrocarbons.
4. **Horizontal Drilling:** Technique that allows access to oil and gas reserves by drilling horizontally.
5. **Hydraulic Fracturing:** Method to extract oil and gas by fracturing rocks using a pressurized mixture of water, sand, and chemicals.
6. **Natural Gas:** A mixture of gases, of which 50-90% is methane.
7. **Net Energy:** The amount of usable energy left once the energy is made available.
8. **Nuclear Fission:** Energy produced when the nuclei of atoms split.
9. **Nuclear Fusion:** Energy produced when nuclei of light elements combine at high temperatures.
10. **Peak Production:** The point at which the maximum rate of extraction of a resource occurs.
11. **Proven Oil Reserve:** Amount of oil that can be extracted profitably with current technology.
12. **Refining:** The process by which oil is heated to separate it into various fuels and other components.
### Key Concept Questions:
1. **Why are certain energy resources called fossil fuels?**
- Fossil fuels are derived from the ancient remains of living organisms and are formed over millions of years through heat and pressure.
2. **What challenges and opportunities are associated with methane escaping from Arctic lakes?**
- Challenges include increased greenhouse gas emissions, while opportunities involve utilizing methane as an energy source.
3. **What is net energy, and why is it important for evaluating energy resources?**
- Net energy is the usable energy left after accounting for the energy required to obtain it, important to assess the viability of energy resources.
4. **Use the net energy concept to explain why some energy resources are subsidized, and give an example of such a resource.**
- Resources like biofuels may be subsidized because their net energy may not be high enough to be profitable without support.
5. **How do horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods allow companies to access previously unavailable oil and gas deposits?**
- These methods enable access to deposits deep underground or in difficult geological formations by increasing the surface area from which oil and gas can be extracted.
---
## Chapter 13: Renewable Energy Resources
### Key Terms & Definitions:
1. **Active Solar Heating System:** System that absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a well-insulated structure.
2. **Biofuel:** Plant materials that can be burned or converted into liquid or gaseous fuels.
3. **Biomass:** Organic material used as fuel, including plant and animal waste.
4. **Cogeneration:** A system used to produce two useful forms of energy from the same fuel source.
5. **Decarbonization:** Involves transitioning towards energy sources with lower carbon emissions.
6. **District Heating:** A system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating.
7. **Energy Efficiency:** A measure of how much useful work each unit of input energy provides.
8. **Geothermal Energy:** Heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in Earth’s mantle.
9. **Hydrogen Fuel Cell:** Device that uses hydrogen to produce electricity, emitting only water vapor.
10. **Hydropower:** Energy produced from the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water.
11. **Passive Solar Heating System:** Captures energy from the sun without mechanical devices.
12. **Photovoltaic Cell:** Thin wafer of purified silicon that converts sunlight into electricity.
13. **Solar Thermal System:** Uses solar energy to heat water or air.
### Key Concept Questions:
1. **What makes one appliance more efficient than another model of the same appliance?**
- An appliance is considered more efficient if it performs the same function using less energy.
2. **Give an example of cogeneration and explain how it reduces fossil fuel use.**
- A cogeneration plant might produce electricity and capture waste heat for residential heating, maximizing energy use from a single fuel source.
3. **What is a smart grid and how is it more efficient than existing grids?**
- A smart grid incorporates digital technology to improve the reliability, efficiency, and security of the electricity network.
4. **What are the reasons why energy is unnecessarily wasted in industrial processes?**
- Poor insulation, outdated technology, inefficient equipment, and lack of monitoring systems can lead to energy waste.
5. **List three ways to save energy and money in transportation.**
- Use public transportation, carpool, and invest in fuel-efficient vehicles.
6. **List four ways to save energy and money in new buildings and in existing buildings.**
- Implement energy-efficient insulation, utilize ENERGY STAR appliances, invest in renewable energy sources, and install smart thermostats.
7. **List four reasons why renewable energy is not more widely used.**
- High initial costs, lack of infrastructure, government policies favoring fossil fuels, and public resistance to change.
8. **What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using hydropower to produce electricity?**
- Advantages: Renewable, low emissions, and reliable.
- Disadvantages: Impact on aquatic ecosystems and requires significant land alteration.
9. **What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal energy as a source of heat and to produce electricity?**
- Advantages: Low emissions, sustainable, and small land footprint.
- Disadvantages: Limited to specific geographic areas and potential for groundwater contamination.
These notes offer a comprehensive overview of renewable and nonrenewable energy, covering key terms, concepts, and critical thinking questions. Use these notes to prepare for discussions, quizzes, or further study on energy resources.
## Chapter 11: Mineral Resources and Mining
### Key Terms & Definitions:
1. **Asthenosphere:** The layer of Earth beneath the lithosphere in which convection currents flow.
2. **Continental Drift:** The slow movement of continents across Earth's surface.
3. **Core:** The innermost layer of the Earth, composed mainly of iron and nickel.
4. **Crust:** The outermost layer of the Earth.
5. **Mineral:** A solid of one mineral or a combination of minerals found in Earth's crust.
6. **Mineral Resource:** The supply of a nonrenewable mineral resource that is economically feasible for extraction.
7. **Mountaintop Removal:** Type of mining in which terraces are cut into the side of a slope.
8. **Depletion Time:** The time it takes to use up a mineral resource.
9. **Nanotechnology:** The manipulation of matter on an atomic or molecular scale.
10. **Igneous Rock:** Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
11. **Open-Pit Mining:** Surface mining technique that involves digging a large hole to extract minerals.
12. **Lithosphere:** The combination of Earth’s crust and the rigid outermost part of the mantle.
13. **Mantle:** The layer of Earth between the crust and core.
14. **Metamorphic Rock:** Rock that has been changed by heat and pressure.
15. **Rock:** The solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth.
16. **Materials:** Raw substances used to make products.
17. **Overburden:** The soil and rock removed from a surface mine before minerals are extracted.
18. **Ore:** Rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral, often a metal, to make it profitable for mining.
19. **Rare Earth Metal:** A set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table.
20. **Reserve:** The supply of a mineral resource that is economically feasible for extraction.
21. **Rock Cycle:** The cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the Earth, including formation, breakdown, and reformation.
22. **Sedimentary Rock:** Rock formed by the accumulation of sediment.
23. **Smelting:** A process in which ores are heated to release metals.
24. **Spoils:** Material that is removed during mining.
25. **Strip Mining:** A type of surface mining which involves stripping away the overburden to reach ore deposits.
26. **Subsurface Mining:** Mining of minerals from underground.
27. **Surface Mining:** The method of mining where soil and rock over the mineral deposit are removed.
28. **Tailings:** Waste materials left after the extraction of minerals.
29. **Tectonic Plate:** Large slabs of Earth's lithosphere that move and interact.
### Key Concept Questions:
11. **List five important mineral resources and their uses.**
- Copper: Electrical wiring
- Aluminum: Construction materials
- Iron: Steel production
- Gold: Electronics and jewelry
- Lithium: Batteries
12. **Describe the environmental effects of gold mining.**
- Gold mining can lead to deforestation, habitat destruction, water pollution from toxic chemicals, and soil degradation.
13. **What are tectonic plates? What typically happens when they collide or move apart from each other?**
- Tectonic plates are huge slabs of Earth's lithosphere that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere. When they collide, they can create mountains or cause earthquakes. When they move apart, new crust may form from magma.
14. **What is depletion time and what factors affect it?**
- Depletion time refers to how long a resource will last based on current consumption rates, affected by abundance, technology, recycling, and consumption rates.
15. **What are the advantages and disadvantages of biomining?**
- Advantages: Environmentally friendly, selective extraction.
- Disadvantages: Slower than traditional methods, and complex processing requirements.
16. **What problems could arise from the widespread use of nanotechnology?**
- Potential hazards include environmental consequences, health risks, and ethical concerns regarding manipulation of materials at the atomic level.
17. **Describe the conventional view of the relationship between the supply of a mineral resource and its market price.**
- Typically, if supply decreases, prices will rise, while an increase in supply usually drives prices down.
18. **Describe the potential of using graphene as a new resource.**
- Graphene has exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, promising advancements in electronics, materials science, and energy storage.
19. **What are the major safety hazards of working in a subsurface coal mine?**
- Hazards include cave-ins, explosions due to flammable gases, poor air quality, and exposure to harmful substances.
---
## Chapter 12: Fossil Fuels and Energy Resources
### Key Terms & Definitions:
1. **Coal:** A solid fossil fuel formed from the remains of land plants buried and exposed to intense heat and pressure for 300-400 million years.
2. **Commercial Energy:** Energy sold in the marketplace.
3. **Crude Oil:** A black, gooey liquid containing a mixture of combustible hydrocarbons.
4. **Horizontal Drilling:** Technique that allows access to oil and gas reserves by drilling horizontally.
5. **Hydraulic Fracturing:** Method to extract oil and gas by fracturing rocks using a pressurized mixture of water, sand, and chemicals.
6. **Natural Gas:** A mixture of gases, of which 50-90% is methane.
7. **Net Energy:** The amount of usable energy left once the energy is made available.
8. **Nuclear Fission:** Energy produced when the nuclei of atoms split.
9. **Nuclear Fusion:** Energy produced when nuclei of light elements combine at high temperatures.
10. **Peak Production:** The point at which the maximum rate of extraction of a resource occurs.
11. **Proven Oil Reserve:** Amount of oil that can be extracted profitably with current technology.
12. **Refining:** The process by which oil is heated to separate it into various fuels and other components.
### Key Concept Questions:
1. **Why are certain energy resources called fossil fuels?**
- Fossil fuels are derived from the ancient remains of living organisms and are formed over millions of years through heat and pressure.
2. **What challenges and opportunities are associated with methane escaping from Arctic lakes?**
- Challenges include increased greenhouse gas emissions, while opportunities involve utilizing methane as an energy source.
3. **What is net energy, and why is it important for evaluating energy resources?**
- Net energy is the usable energy left after accounting for the energy required to obtain it, important to assess the viability of energy resources.
4. **Use the net energy concept to explain why some energy resources are subsidized, and give an example of such a resource.**
- Resources like biofuels may be subsidized because their net energy may not be high enough to be profitable without support.
5. **How do horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods allow companies to access previously unavailable oil and gas deposits?**
- These methods enable access to deposits deep underground or in difficult geological formations by increasing the surface area from which oil and gas can be extracted.
---
## Chapter 13: Renewable Energy Resources
### Key Terms & Definitions:
1. **Active Solar Heating System:** System that absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a well-insulated structure.
2. **Biofuel:** Plant materials that can be burned or converted into liquid or gaseous fuels.
3. **Biomass:** Organic material used as fuel, including plant and animal waste.
4. **Cogeneration:** A system used to produce two useful forms of energy from the same fuel source.
5. **Decarbonization:** Involves transitioning towards energy sources with lower carbon emissions.
6. **District Heating:** A system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating.
7. **Energy Efficiency:** A measure of how much useful work each unit of input energy provides.
8. **Geothermal Energy:** Heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in Earth’s mantle.
9. **Hydrogen Fuel Cell:** Device that uses hydrogen to produce electricity, emitting only water vapor.
10. **Hydropower:** Energy produced from the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water.
11. **Passive Solar Heating System:** Captures energy from the sun without mechanical devices.
12. **Photovoltaic Cell:** Thin wafer of purified silicon that converts sunlight into electricity.
13. **Solar Thermal System:** Uses solar energy to heat water or air.
### Key Concept Questions:
1. **What makes one appliance more efficient than another model of the same appliance?**
- An appliance is considered more efficient if it performs the same function using less energy.
2. **Give an example of cogeneration and explain how it reduces fossil fuel use.**
- A cogeneration plant might produce electricity and capture waste heat for residential heating, maximizing energy use from a single fuel source.
3. **What is a smart grid and how is it more efficient than existing grids?**
- A smart grid incorporates digital technology to improve the reliability, efficiency, and security of the electricity network.
4. **What are the reasons why energy is unnecessarily wasted in industrial processes?**
- Poor insulation, outdated technology, inefficient equipment, and lack of monitoring systems can lead to energy waste.
5. **List three ways to save energy and money in transportation.**
- Use public transportation, carpool, and invest in fuel-efficient vehicles.
6. **List four ways to save energy and money in new buildings and in existing buildings.**
- Implement energy-efficient insulation, utilize ENERGY STAR appliances, invest in renewable energy sources, and install smart thermostats.
7. **List four reasons why renewable energy is not more widely used.**
- High initial costs, lack of infrastructure, government policies favoring fossil fuels, and public resistance to change.
8. **What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using hydropower to produce electricity?**
- Advantages: Renewable, low emissions, and reliable.
- Disadvantages: Impact on aquatic ecosystems and requires significant land alteration.
9. **What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal energy as a source of heat and to produce electricity?**
- Advantages: Low emissions, sustainable, and small land footprint.
- Disadvantages: Limited to specific geographic areas and potential for groundwater contamination.
These notes offer a comprehensive overview of renewable and nonrenewable energy, covering key terms, concepts, and critical thinking questions. Use these notes to prepare for discussions, quizzes, or further study on energy resources.
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