The effects of the human migration caused by the Columbian Exchange on the Americas included the decline of Indigenous populations and the development of American Creole cultures.
This option highlights two significant consequences of the Columbian Exchange. The arrival of European settlers brought diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza to which Indigenous populations had no immunity, leading to a drastic decline in their numbers. Additionally, the interactions between Indigenous people, Europeans, and later, enslaved Africans, fostered the development of distinct Creole cultures in the Americas, blending various elements of their diverse heritages. This transformation had profound impacts on social structures, cultural practices, and the overall demographic landscape of the continent.