Mapungubwe is an archaeological site in South Africa that represents one of the earliest and most significant centers of civilization in southern Africa. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe, which flourished between the 11th and 13th centuries and is known for its impressive social stratification, wealth, and trade networks.
Overview of Auxiliary Sciences Related to Mapungubwe
Auxiliary sciences, or auxiliary historical sciences, aid in the interpretation and understanding of archaeological sites like Mapungubwe. Here are some key disciplines that contribute to our understanding of this site:
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Archaeology:
- Archeological excavations at Mapungubwe have revealed a wealth of artifacts, including pottery, tools, and jewelry, indicating a complex society with advanced social structures. Research from archaeologists such as Thomas Huffman has played a significant role in analyzing these findings and constructing narratives about the society.
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Paleobotany:
- This field studies ancient plant remains to understand the environment and agriculture practices of the people at Mapungubwe. For instance, the analysis of pollen and phytoliths can reveal information about ancient crops and the landscape utilized by the Mapungubwean people (D. J. Nash et al., 2001).
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Zooarchaeology:
- The analysis of animal remains found at the site helps to reconstruct the diet, hunting practices, and domestication of animals. Studies by researchers like Robyn Pickering have contributed to understanding how animals were integrated into the social and economic systems of the kingdom.
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Geoarchaeology:
- This science assesses soil and geological features to understand the site’s history and changes through time. Techniques in geoarchaeology can help in understanding the environmental changes that influenced settlement patterns (Clark, 2006).
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Chronology and Radiocarbon Dating:
- Radiocarbon dating has been crucial in establishing a timeline for the occupation and significant events at Mapungubwe. The chronological framework constructed through various dating methods helps contextualize the rise and fall of the kingdom within broader historical timelines (Huffman, 2007).
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Art History and Iconography:
- The artistic symbols and artifacts, including the famous golden rhino, are studied to understand the cultural and religious beliefs of the civilization. Art historians analyze these pieces to interpret the social and political messages they conveyed (Hall, 2005).
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Anthropology:
- Anthropological studies provide insights into the social structures, customs, and daily life of the Mapungubwean society. Ethnographic analogies with contemporary communities can offer valuable comparisons and insights into social organization (S. E. Hall, 2002).
Conclusion
The multidisciplinary approach to studying Mapungubwe enriches our understanding of its significance in southern African history. By integrating archaeological findings with insights from various auxiliary sciences, researchers can construct a more comprehensive picture of one of Africa's most noteworthy early civilizations.
References
- Clark, J. (2006). "Geoarchaeology of the Mapungubwe Landscape." Journal of African Archaeology.
- Hall, S. (2005). "Art and Identity at Mapungubwe." Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(3), 617-632.
- Huffman, T. N. (2007). Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
- Nash, D. J., et al. (2001). "Paleobotany and the Early History of Agriculture in Southern Africa." South African Journal of Science, 97, 232-240.
- Pickering, R. (2002). "Zooarchaeological Evidence from Mapungubwe." Antiquity.
These references contain valuable information that can expand upon the auxiliary sciences related to Mapungubwe and provide deeper context to its historical significance.