In an essay identifying the causes of independence movements in Latin America and the Caribbean, the student would likely include:
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Enlightenment ideas: These ideas, including the notions of liberty, equality, and democracy, inspired many leaders and thinkers in the region to seek independence from colonial rule.
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Decentralized government: The weakened control of colonial powers and the rise of local leaders contributed to the push for independence.
While religious persecution and the absence of slavery are significant issues, they are not as central to the primary causes of independence movements in these regions when compared to the influences of Enlightenment thinking and decentralized governance.
Therefore, a strong focus on Enlightenment ideas and decentralized government would be appropriate for the essay.