Question
1. What is stress?
2. What is strain?
3. What is compression?
4. What is tension?
5. What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?
6. On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation of a material?
What part represents plastic deformation?
7. Which occurs at a lower stress value, plastic deformation or elastic deformation?
8. Are rocks near Earth's surface generally brittie or plastic? Rocks at great depths?
Column A
_____ 9. Fracture that forms a result of horizontal compression
______ 10. Fracture caused by horizontal shear
______ 11. Famous California strike-slip fault
______ 12. Fracture caused by horizontal tension
______ 13. Fracture along which movement occurs
_______ 14. Fault surface along which movement takes place
Column B
a. fault
b. fault plane
c. normal fault
d. reverse fault
e. San Andreas
f. strike-slip fault
SEISMIC WAVES
What is the type of seismic wave for each description?
Description
⬇️
15. Causes rocks to move both up and down and from side to side
16. Causes rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels
17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction as the wave travels
18. Can pass through Earth's interior
19. Travels only along Earth's surface
Seismic waves and Earth's Interior
Word Bank
⬇️
mass seismometer seismogram frame
1. A ______________ is an instrument that records earthquake vibrations.
2. All seismometers include a ______________ suspended from a wire or spring.
3. A paper or computer record of earthquake vibrations is called a _____________
4. All seismometers include a ________________ that is anchored to the ground and vibrations during an earthquake
True or false
⬇️
______ 5. Seismic waves change speed and direction when they encounter different materials.
______ 6. P-waves travel through Earth's mantle.
______ 7. S-waves do not travel through Earth's mantle.
______ 8. Surface waves are the first to arrive at a seismic station.
______ 9. P-waves are bent when they strike the core.
______ 10. On seismograms, seismic waves recorded from more distant facilities are closer together than those recorded from facilities close to the epicenter.
______ 11. S-waves do not enter the core because they cannot travel through solids.
______ 12. Seismologists have reasoned that Earth's outer core must be liquid based on the disappearance of S-waves.
______ 13. Studies of how waves reflect deep inside Earth show that Earth's inner core is solid.
______ 14. The P-waves shadow zone does not receive direct P-waves
SECTION 19.3 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
Circle the letter ofthe choice that best completes the statement.
1. The amount of energy released by an earthquake is measured by its
a. amplitude.
b. magnitude.
c. focus.
d. intensity.
2. The Richter scale is a numerical scale used to describe an earthquakes
a. intensity.
b. ampliude.
C. probability.
d. magnitude.
3. Each whole-nunber increase on the Richter eale corresponds to a 32-fold increase in
a. seismic energy.
b. magnitude.
C. probability.
d. intensity.
4. The moment magnitude scale takes inio account the size of an earthquakes
a. epicenter.
b. fault rupture.
c. probability.
d. intensity.
5. The time an eartnquake occurred can be estimated from the
a. P-wave arrival time.
b. amplitude
c. surface wave arrival time.
d. seismic wave size.
6. The amount of damage done to structures by an earthquake is the earthquake's
a. intensity.
b. amplitude.
c. probability.
d. seismic gap.
7. The modified-Mercalli scale measures an earthquake's
a.intensity.
b. seismic gap.
c. probability.
d. magnitude.
8. The modified-Mercalii scaie ranges from
a. 0 to 100.
b. 1 to 10.
c. I to XII.
d. VI to XXI.
9. Earthquake intensity depends primarily on the height of
a. P-waves.
b. S-waves.
c. surface waves
d. the fault.
10. As the distance from a quake's epicenter increases,
magnitude increases.
a. intensiiy increases.
b. intensity decreases.
c. magnitude increases.
d. the focus decreases.
b. intensity decreases.
11. Maximum earihquake intensity is usually found at the earthquakes
a. epicenier.
b. shadow zone.
c. seismic gap
d. focus.
12. One factor that determines the strength of an earthquake is the depth of its
a. epicenter
b. epicentral distance.
c. magnitude.
d. focus.
13. The focus of a caastrophic earthquake with high intensity values is almost always
a. deep.
b. shallow.
c. difficult to determine.
d. below the point of initial rock failure.
To determine an epicentral distance, scientists consider the arrival of what wave types?
Can the location of an epicenter be determined from the distance between one seismic station and the epicenter? If not, what information is needed?
Word Bank
⬇️
Circum-Pacific Belt boundaries tectonic plates Mediterranean - Asian Belt ocean ridges. seismic belts
Most earthquakes occur in narrow_____________ that lie between large regions with little or no seismic activity. Seismic activity in seismic belts is a result of movements among Earth's ______________. Most earthquakes occur near the ______________ of tectonic plates. Nearly 80 percent of earthquakes occur in the seismic belt known as the ______________. About 15 percent of all earthquakes occur in the ________________. which stretches across Europe and Asia. Most other earthquakes occur on the crests of _____________.
SECTION 19.4 Earthquakes and Society
1. What kinds of structures suffer the most severe damage from an earthquake?
2. How would a rubber structure beneath a building prevent it from being damaged?
3. What takes place during the process called "pancaking"?
4. How is the height of a building related to damage caused during an earthquake?
5. What can happen during earthquakes during in areas where the ground contains fluid-saturated sand?
6. How are seismic waves changed as they pass through soft soils?
7. What can occur on a step slope during an earthquake?
8. Is an area that has already experienced past earthquakes more or less likely to experience a future earthquake than an area that has never had an earthquake?
9. Upon what two factors is the probability of earthquake occurrence based?
10. What is a seismic gap?
2. What is strain?
3. What is compression?
4. What is tension?
5. What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?
6. On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation of a material?
What part represents plastic deformation?
7. Which occurs at a lower stress value, plastic deformation or elastic deformation?
8. Are rocks near Earth's surface generally brittie or plastic? Rocks at great depths?
Column A
_____ 9. Fracture that forms a result of horizontal compression
______ 10. Fracture caused by horizontal shear
______ 11. Famous California strike-slip fault
______ 12. Fracture caused by horizontal tension
______ 13. Fracture along which movement occurs
_______ 14. Fault surface along which movement takes place
Column B
a. fault
b. fault plane
c. normal fault
d. reverse fault
e. San Andreas
f. strike-slip fault
SEISMIC WAVES
What is the type of seismic wave for each description?
Description
⬇️
15. Causes rocks to move both up and down and from side to side
16. Causes rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels
17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction as the wave travels
18. Can pass through Earth's interior
19. Travels only along Earth's surface
Seismic waves and Earth's Interior
Word Bank
⬇️
mass seismometer seismogram frame
1. A ______________ is an instrument that records earthquake vibrations.
2. All seismometers include a ______________ suspended from a wire or spring.
3. A paper or computer record of earthquake vibrations is called a _____________
4. All seismometers include a ________________ that is anchored to the ground and vibrations during an earthquake
True or false
⬇️
______ 5. Seismic waves change speed and direction when they encounter different materials.
______ 6. P-waves travel through Earth's mantle.
______ 7. S-waves do not travel through Earth's mantle.
______ 8. Surface waves are the first to arrive at a seismic station.
______ 9. P-waves are bent when they strike the core.
______ 10. On seismograms, seismic waves recorded from more distant facilities are closer together than those recorded from facilities close to the epicenter.
______ 11. S-waves do not enter the core because they cannot travel through solids.
______ 12. Seismologists have reasoned that Earth's outer core must be liquid based on the disappearance of S-waves.
______ 13. Studies of how waves reflect deep inside Earth show that Earth's inner core is solid.
______ 14. The P-waves shadow zone does not receive direct P-waves
SECTION 19.3 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
Circle the letter ofthe choice that best completes the statement.
1. The amount of energy released by an earthquake is measured by its
a. amplitude.
b. magnitude.
c. focus.
d. intensity.
2. The Richter scale is a numerical scale used to describe an earthquakes
a. intensity.
b. ampliude.
C. probability.
d. magnitude.
3. Each whole-nunber increase on the Richter eale corresponds to a 32-fold increase in
a. seismic energy.
b. magnitude.
C. probability.
d. intensity.
4. The moment magnitude scale takes inio account the size of an earthquakes
a. epicenter.
b. fault rupture.
c. probability.
d. intensity.
5. The time an eartnquake occurred can be estimated from the
a. P-wave arrival time.
b. amplitude
c. surface wave arrival time.
d. seismic wave size.
6. The amount of damage done to structures by an earthquake is the earthquake's
a. intensity.
b. amplitude.
c. probability.
d. seismic gap.
7. The modified-Mercalli scale measures an earthquake's
a.intensity.
b. seismic gap.
c. probability.
d. magnitude.
8. The modified-Mercalii scaie ranges from
a. 0 to 100.
b. 1 to 10.
c. I to XII.
d. VI to XXI.
9. Earthquake intensity depends primarily on the height of
a. P-waves.
b. S-waves.
c. surface waves
d. the fault.
10. As the distance from a quake's epicenter increases,
magnitude increases.
a. intensiiy increases.
b. intensity decreases.
c. magnitude increases.
d. the focus decreases.
b. intensity decreases.
11. Maximum earihquake intensity is usually found at the earthquakes
a. epicenier.
b. shadow zone.
c. seismic gap
d. focus.
12. One factor that determines the strength of an earthquake is the depth of its
a. epicenter
b. epicentral distance.
c. magnitude.
d. focus.
13. The focus of a caastrophic earthquake with high intensity values is almost always
a. deep.
b. shallow.
c. difficult to determine.
d. below the point of initial rock failure.
To determine an epicentral distance, scientists consider the arrival of what wave types?
Can the location of an epicenter be determined from the distance between one seismic station and the epicenter? If not, what information is needed?
Word Bank
⬇️
Circum-Pacific Belt boundaries tectonic plates Mediterranean - Asian Belt ocean ridges. seismic belts
Most earthquakes occur in narrow_____________ that lie between large regions with little or no seismic activity. Seismic activity in seismic belts is a result of movements among Earth's ______________. Most earthquakes occur near the ______________ of tectonic plates. Nearly 80 percent of earthquakes occur in the seismic belt known as the ______________. About 15 percent of all earthquakes occur in the ________________. which stretches across Europe and Asia. Most other earthquakes occur on the crests of _____________.
SECTION 19.4 Earthquakes and Society
1. What kinds of structures suffer the most severe damage from an earthquake?
2. How would a rubber structure beneath a building prevent it from being damaged?
3. What takes place during the process called "pancaking"?
4. How is the height of a building related to damage caused during an earthquake?
5. What can happen during earthquakes during in areas where the ground contains fluid-saturated sand?
6. How are seismic waves changed as they pass through soft soils?
7. What can occur on a step slope during an earthquake?
8. Is an area that has already experienced past earthquakes more or less likely to experience a future earthquake than an area that has never had an earthquake?
9. Upon what two factors is the probability of earthquake occurrence based?
10. What is a seismic gap?
Answers
GPT-4o mini
### 1. What is stress?
Stress is the force applied per unit area within materials, which can lead to deformation. It can arise from various kinds of forces, such as tension, compression, and shear.
### 2. What is strain?
Strain is the measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material when stress is applied. It is often expressed as a ratio of change in length to the original length.
### 3. What is compression?
Compression is a type of stress that occurs when an object is subjected to forces that push or squash it together. This leads to a decrease in volume or length.
### 4. What is tension?
Tension is a type of stress that occurs when an object is subjected to forces that pull it apart. This results in an increase in length or volume.
### 5. What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?
When stress exceeds the strength of a material, the material undergoes plastic deformation and may ultimately fracture or fail.
### 6. On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation of a material? What part represents plastic deformation?
The linear portion of the stress-strain curve represents elastic deformation, where the material will return to its original shape once the stress is removed. The non-linear portion that follows represents plastic deformation, where permanent changes occur in the material's structure.
### 7. Which occurs at a lower stress value, plastic deformation or elastic deformation?
Elastic deformation occurs at a lower stress value compared to plastic deformation.
### 8. Are rocks near Earth's surface generally brittle or plastic? Rocks at great depths?
Rocks near Earth's surface are generally brittle, while rocks at great depths tend to be more plastic due to higher pressure and temperature conditions.
### Column A
9. _____ Fracture that forms a result of horizontal compression
- **d. reverse fault**
10. _____ Fracture caused by horizontal shear
- **f. strike-slip fault**
11. _____ Famous California strike-slip fault
- **e. San Andreas**
12. _____ Fracture caused by horizontal tension
- **c. normal fault**
13. _____ Fracture along which movement occurs
- **a. fault**
14. _____ Fault surface along which movement takes place
- **b. fault plane**
### SEISMIC WAVES
**What is the type of seismic wave for each description?**
15. Causes rocks to move both up and down and from side to side
- **Surface waves**
16. Causes rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels
- **S-waves (shear waves)**
17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction as the wave travels
- **P-waves (primary waves)**
18. Can pass through Earth's interior
- **P-waves**
19. Travels only along Earth's surface
- **Surface waves**
### Seismic waves and Earth's Interior
1. A **seismometer** is an instrument that records earthquake vibrations.
2. All seismometers include a **mass** suspended from a wire or spring.
3. A paper or computer record of earthquake vibrations is called a **seismogram**.
4. All seismometers include a **frame** that is anchored to the ground and vibrates during an earthquake.
### True or False
5. **True** - Seismic waves change speed and direction when they encounter different materials.
6. **True** - P-waves travel through Earth's mantle.
7. **False** - S-waves do travel through the mantle but not through the outer core.
8. **False** - Surface waves are the last to arrive at a seismic station.
9. **True** - P-waves are bent when they strike the core.
10. **False** - On seismograms, seismic waves recorded from more distant facilities are farther apart than those recorded from facilities close to the epicenter.
11. **True** - S-waves do not enter the core because they cannot travel through liquids (which are in the outer core).
12. **True** - Seismologists have reasoned that Earth's outer core must be liquid based on the disappearance of S-waves.
13. **True** - Studies of how waves reflect deep inside Earth show that Earth's inner core is solid.
14. **True** - The P-waves shadow zone does not receive direct P-waves.
### SECTION 19.3 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
1. **b. magnitude.**
2. **d. magnitude.**
3. **a. seismic energy.**
4. **b. fault rupture.**
5. **a. P-wave arrival time.**
6. **a. intensity.**
7. **a. intensity.**
8. **c. I to XII.**
9. **c. surface waves.**
10. **b. intensity decreases.**
11. **a. epicenter.**
12. **d. focus.**
13. **b. shallow.**
### Epicentral Distance
To determine an epicentral distance, scientists consider the arrival of **P-waves and S-waves**.
No, the location of an epicenter cannot be determined from the distance between one seismic station and the epicenter alone; information from **at least three seismic stations** is needed to triangulate the epicenter.
### Word Bank
Most earthquakes occur in narrow **seismic belts** that lie between large regions with little or no seismic activity. Seismic activity in seismic belts is a result of movements among Earth's **tectonic plates**. Most earthquakes occur near the **boundaries** of tectonic plates. Nearly 80 percent of earthquakes occur in the seismic belt known as the **Circum-Pacific Belt**. About 15 percent of all earthquakes occur in the **Mediterranean-Asian Belt**, which stretches across Europe and Asia. Most other earthquakes occur on the crests of **ocean ridges**.
### SECTION 19.4 Earthquakes and Society
1. Structures with poor engineering, non-flexible materials, or inadequate foundations tend to suffer the most severe damage from an earthquake.
2. A rubber structure beneath a building can act as a flexible base that absorbs shock and reduces the transfer of seismic waves to the building itself, preventing or mitigating damage.
3. "Pancaking" occurs when the upper floors of a building collapse onto the lower floors during an earthquake, potentially causing a total structural failure.
4. Taller buildings generally experience more damage during an earthquake because they are more susceptible to swaying and structural failure as seismic waves oscillate through them.
5. During earthquakes, areas with fluid-saturated sand can experience **liquefaction**, where the ground temporarily loses its solidity, causing buildings to sink or topple.
6. As seismic waves pass through soft soils, they may be attenuated and amplified, causing increased shaking and potentially damaging effects.
7. A slope can experience a **landslide or mass wasting** during an earthquake, particularly if the ground becomes unsaturated or destabilized.
8. An area that has already experienced past earthquakes is generally **more** likely to experience a future earthquake (seismic activity tends to recur in the same regions).
9. The probability of earthquake occurrence is based on **historical seismic activity** and the **tectonic setting**.
10. A seismic gap is a segment of an active fault zone that has not experienced an earthquake for a significant amount of time, leading to increased probability that one will occur.
Stress is the force applied per unit area within materials, which can lead to deformation. It can arise from various kinds of forces, such as tension, compression, and shear.
### 2. What is strain?
Strain is the measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material when stress is applied. It is often expressed as a ratio of change in length to the original length.
### 3. What is compression?
Compression is a type of stress that occurs when an object is subjected to forces that push or squash it together. This leads to a decrease in volume or length.
### 4. What is tension?
Tension is a type of stress that occurs when an object is subjected to forces that pull it apart. This results in an increase in length or volume.
### 5. What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?
When stress exceeds the strength of a material, the material undergoes plastic deformation and may ultimately fracture or fail.
### 6. On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation of a material? What part represents plastic deformation?
The linear portion of the stress-strain curve represents elastic deformation, where the material will return to its original shape once the stress is removed. The non-linear portion that follows represents plastic deformation, where permanent changes occur in the material's structure.
### 7. Which occurs at a lower stress value, plastic deformation or elastic deformation?
Elastic deformation occurs at a lower stress value compared to plastic deformation.
### 8. Are rocks near Earth's surface generally brittle or plastic? Rocks at great depths?
Rocks near Earth's surface are generally brittle, while rocks at great depths tend to be more plastic due to higher pressure and temperature conditions.
### Column A
9. _____ Fracture that forms a result of horizontal compression
- **d. reverse fault**
10. _____ Fracture caused by horizontal shear
- **f. strike-slip fault**
11. _____ Famous California strike-slip fault
- **e. San Andreas**
12. _____ Fracture caused by horizontal tension
- **c. normal fault**
13. _____ Fracture along which movement occurs
- **a. fault**
14. _____ Fault surface along which movement takes place
- **b. fault plane**
### SEISMIC WAVES
**What is the type of seismic wave for each description?**
15. Causes rocks to move both up and down and from side to side
- **Surface waves**
16. Causes rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels
- **S-waves (shear waves)**
17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction as the wave travels
- **P-waves (primary waves)**
18. Can pass through Earth's interior
- **P-waves**
19. Travels only along Earth's surface
- **Surface waves**
### Seismic waves and Earth's Interior
1. A **seismometer** is an instrument that records earthquake vibrations.
2. All seismometers include a **mass** suspended from a wire or spring.
3. A paper or computer record of earthquake vibrations is called a **seismogram**.
4. All seismometers include a **frame** that is anchored to the ground and vibrates during an earthquake.
### True or False
5. **True** - Seismic waves change speed and direction when they encounter different materials.
6. **True** - P-waves travel through Earth's mantle.
7. **False** - S-waves do travel through the mantle but not through the outer core.
8. **False** - Surface waves are the last to arrive at a seismic station.
9. **True** - P-waves are bent when they strike the core.
10. **False** - On seismograms, seismic waves recorded from more distant facilities are farther apart than those recorded from facilities close to the epicenter.
11. **True** - S-waves do not enter the core because they cannot travel through liquids (which are in the outer core).
12. **True** - Seismologists have reasoned that Earth's outer core must be liquid based on the disappearance of S-waves.
13. **True** - Studies of how waves reflect deep inside Earth show that Earth's inner core is solid.
14. **True** - The P-waves shadow zone does not receive direct P-waves.
### SECTION 19.3 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
1. **b. magnitude.**
2. **d. magnitude.**
3. **a. seismic energy.**
4. **b. fault rupture.**
5. **a. P-wave arrival time.**
6. **a. intensity.**
7. **a. intensity.**
8. **c. I to XII.**
9. **c. surface waves.**
10. **b. intensity decreases.**
11. **a. epicenter.**
12. **d. focus.**
13. **b. shallow.**
### Epicentral Distance
To determine an epicentral distance, scientists consider the arrival of **P-waves and S-waves**.
No, the location of an epicenter cannot be determined from the distance between one seismic station and the epicenter alone; information from **at least three seismic stations** is needed to triangulate the epicenter.
### Word Bank
Most earthquakes occur in narrow **seismic belts** that lie between large regions with little or no seismic activity. Seismic activity in seismic belts is a result of movements among Earth's **tectonic plates**. Most earthquakes occur near the **boundaries** of tectonic plates. Nearly 80 percent of earthquakes occur in the seismic belt known as the **Circum-Pacific Belt**. About 15 percent of all earthquakes occur in the **Mediterranean-Asian Belt**, which stretches across Europe and Asia. Most other earthquakes occur on the crests of **ocean ridges**.
### SECTION 19.4 Earthquakes and Society
1. Structures with poor engineering, non-flexible materials, or inadequate foundations tend to suffer the most severe damage from an earthquake.
2. A rubber structure beneath a building can act as a flexible base that absorbs shock and reduces the transfer of seismic waves to the building itself, preventing or mitigating damage.
3. "Pancaking" occurs when the upper floors of a building collapse onto the lower floors during an earthquake, potentially causing a total structural failure.
4. Taller buildings generally experience more damage during an earthquake because they are more susceptible to swaying and structural failure as seismic waves oscillate through them.
5. During earthquakes, areas with fluid-saturated sand can experience **liquefaction**, where the ground temporarily loses its solidity, causing buildings to sink or topple.
6. As seismic waves pass through soft soils, they may be attenuated and amplified, causing increased shaking and potentially damaging effects.
7. A slope can experience a **landslide or mass wasting** during an earthquake, particularly if the ground becomes unsaturated or destabilized.
8. An area that has already experienced past earthquakes is generally **more** likely to experience a future earthquake (seismic activity tends to recur in the same regions).
9. The probability of earthquake occurrence is based on **historical seismic activity** and the **tectonic setting**.
10. A seismic gap is a segment of an active fault zone that has not experienced an earthquake for a significant amount of time, leading to increased probability that one will occur.