Question
1. What is stress?
2. What is strain?
3. What is compression?
4. What is tension?
5. What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?
6. On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation of a material?
What part represents plastic deformation?
7. Which occurs at a lower stress value, plastic deformation or elastic deformation?
8. Are rocks near Earth's surface generally brittie or plastic? Rocks at great depths?
Column A
_____ 9. Fracture that forms a result of horizontal compression
______ 10. Fracture caused by horizontal shear
______ 11. Famous California strike-slip fault
______ 12. Fracture caused by horizontal tension
______ 13. Fracture along which movement occurs
_______ 14. Fault surface along which movement takes place
Column B
a. fault
b. fault plane
c. normal fault
d. reverse fault
e. San Andreas
f. strike-slip fault
SEISMIC WAVES
What is the type of seismic wave for each description?
Description
⬇️
15. Causes rocks to move both up and down and from side to side
16. Causes rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels
17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction as the wave travels
18. Can pass through Earth's interior
19. Travels only along Earth's surface
Seismic waves and Earth's Interior
Word Bank
⬇️
mass seismometer seismogram frame
1. A ______________ is an instrument that records earthquake vibrations.
2. All seismometers include a ______________ suspended from a wire or spring.
3. A paper or computer record of earthquake vibrations is called a _____________
4. All seismometers include a ________________ that is anchored to the ground and vibrations during an earthquake
True or false
⬇️
______ 5. Seismic waves change speed and direction when they encounter different materials.
______ 6. P-waves travel through Earth's mantle.
______ 7. S-waves do not travel through Earth's mantle.
______ 8. Surface waves are the first to arrive at a seismic station.
______ 9. P-waves are bent when they strike the core.
______ 10. On seismograms, seismic waves recorded from more distant facilities are closer together than those recorded from facilities close to the epicenter.
______ 11. S-waves do not enter the core because they cannot travel through solids.
______ 12. Seismologists have reasoned that Earth's outer core must be liquid based on the disappearance of S-waves.
______ 13. Studies of how waves reflect deep inside Earth show that Earth's inner core is solid.
______ 14. The P-waves shadow zone does not receive direct P-waves
SECTION 19.3 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
Circle the letter ofthe choice that best completes the statement.
1. The amount of energy released by an earthquake is measured by its
a. amplitude.
b. magnitude.
c. focus.
d. intensity.
2. The Richter scale is a numerical scale used to describe an earthquakes
a. intensity.
b. ampliude.
C. probability.
d. magnitude.
3. Each whole-nunber increase on the Richter eale corresponds to a 32-fold increase in
a. seismic energy.
b. magnitude.
C. probability.
d. intensity.
4. The moment magnitude scale takes inio account the size of an earthquakes
a. epicenter.
b. fault rupture.
c. probability.
d. intensity.
5. The time an eartnquake occurred can be estimated from the
a. P-wave arrival time.
b. amplitude
c. surface wave arrival time.
d. seismic wave size.
6. The amount of damage done to structures by an earthquake is the earthquake's
a. intensity.
b. amplitude.
c. probability.
d. seismic gap.
7. The modified-Mercalli scale measures an earthquake's
a.intensity.
b. seismic gap.
c. probability.
d. magnitude.
8. The modified-Mercalii scaie ranges from
a. 0 to 100.
b. 1 to 10.
c. I to XII.
d. VI to XXI.
9. Earthquake intensity depends primarily on the height of
a. P-waves.
b. S-waves.
c. surface waves
d. the fault.
10. As the distance from a quake's epicenter increases,
magnitude increases.
a. intensiiy increases.
b. intensity decreases.
c. magnitude increases.
d. the focus decreases.
b. intensity decreases.
11. Maximum earihquake intensity is usually found at the earthquakes
a. epicenier.
b. shadow zone.
c. seismic gap
d. focus.
12. One factor that determines the strength of an earthquake is the depth of its
a. epicenter
b. epicentral distance.
c. magnitude.
d. focus.
13. The focus of a caastrophic earthquake with high intensity values is almost always
a. deep.
b. shallow.
c. difficult to determine.
d. below the point of initial rock failure.
To determine an epicentral distance, scientists consider the arrival of what wave types?
Can the location of an epicenter be determined from the distance between one seismic station and the epicenter? If not, what information is needed?
Word Bank
⬇️
Circum-Pacific Belt boundaries tectonic plates
Mediterranean - Asian Belt ocean ridges
seismic belts
Most earthquakes occur in narrow_____________ that lie between large regions with little or no seismic activity. Seismic activity in seismic belts is a result of movements among Earth's ______________. Most earthquakes occur near the ______________ of tectonic plates. Nearly 80 percent of earthquakes occur in the seismic belt known as the ______________. About 15 percent of all earthquakes occur in the ________________. which stretches across Europe and Asia. Most other earthquakes occur on the crests of _____________.
SECTION 19.4 Earthquakes and Society
1. What kinds of structures suffer the most severe damage from an earthquake?
2. How would a rubber structure beneath a building prevent it from being damaged?
3. What takes place during the process called "pancaking"?
4. How is the height of a building related to damage caused during an earthquake?
5. What can happen during earthquakes during in areas where the ground contains fluid-saturated sand?
6. How are seismic waves changed as they pass through soft soils?
7. What can occur on a step slope during an earthquake?
8. Is an area that has already experienced past earthquakes more or less likely to experience a future earthquake than an area that has never had an earthquake?
9. Upon what two factors is the probability of earthquake occurrence based?
10. What is a seismic gap?
2. What is strain?
3. What is compression?
4. What is tension?
5. What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?
6. On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation of a material?
What part represents plastic deformation?
7. Which occurs at a lower stress value, plastic deformation or elastic deformation?
8. Are rocks near Earth's surface generally brittie or plastic? Rocks at great depths?
Column A
_____ 9. Fracture that forms a result of horizontal compression
______ 10. Fracture caused by horizontal shear
______ 11. Famous California strike-slip fault
______ 12. Fracture caused by horizontal tension
______ 13. Fracture along which movement occurs
_______ 14. Fault surface along which movement takes place
Column B
a. fault
b. fault plane
c. normal fault
d. reverse fault
e. San Andreas
f. strike-slip fault
SEISMIC WAVES
What is the type of seismic wave for each description?
Description
⬇️
15. Causes rocks to move both up and down and from side to side
16. Causes rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels
17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction as the wave travels
18. Can pass through Earth's interior
19. Travels only along Earth's surface
Seismic waves and Earth's Interior
Word Bank
⬇️
mass seismometer seismogram frame
1. A ______________ is an instrument that records earthquake vibrations.
2. All seismometers include a ______________ suspended from a wire or spring.
3. A paper or computer record of earthquake vibrations is called a _____________
4. All seismometers include a ________________ that is anchored to the ground and vibrations during an earthquake
True or false
⬇️
______ 5. Seismic waves change speed and direction when they encounter different materials.
______ 6. P-waves travel through Earth's mantle.
______ 7. S-waves do not travel through Earth's mantle.
______ 8. Surface waves are the first to arrive at a seismic station.
______ 9. P-waves are bent when they strike the core.
______ 10. On seismograms, seismic waves recorded from more distant facilities are closer together than those recorded from facilities close to the epicenter.
______ 11. S-waves do not enter the core because they cannot travel through solids.
______ 12. Seismologists have reasoned that Earth's outer core must be liquid based on the disappearance of S-waves.
______ 13. Studies of how waves reflect deep inside Earth show that Earth's inner core is solid.
______ 14. The P-waves shadow zone does not receive direct P-waves
SECTION 19.3 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
Circle the letter ofthe choice that best completes the statement.
1. The amount of energy released by an earthquake is measured by its
a. amplitude.
b. magnitude.
c. focus.
d. intensity.
2. The Richter scale is a numerical scale used to describe an earthquakes
a. intensity.
b. ampliude.
C. probability.
d. magnitude.
3. Each whole-nunber increase on the Richter eale corresponds to a 32-fold increase in
a. seismic energy.
b. magnitude.
C. probability.
d. intensity.
4. The moment magnitude scale takes inio account the size of an earthquakes
a. epicenter.
b. fault rupture.
c. probability.
d. intensity.
5. The time an eartnquake occurred can be estimated from the
a. P-wave arrival time.
b. amplitude
c. surface wave arrival time.
d. seismic wave size.
6. The amount of damage done to structures by an earthquake is the earthquake's
a. intensity.
b. amplitude.
c. probability.
d. seismic gap.
7. The modified-Mercalli scale measures an earthquake's
a.intensity.
b. seismic gap.
c. probability.
d. magnitude.
8. The modified-Mercalii scaie ranges from
a. 0 to 100.
b. 1 to 10.
c. I to XII.
d. VI to XXI.
9. Earthquake intensity depends primarily on the height of
a. P-waves.
b. S-waves.
c. surface waves
d. the fault.
10. As the distance from a quake's epicenter increases,
magnitude increases.
a. intensiiy increases.
b. intensity decreases.
c. magnitude increases.
d. the focus decreases.
b. intensity decreases.
11. Maximum earihquake intensity is usually found at the earthquakes
a. epicenier.
b. shadow zone.
c. seismic gap
d. focus.
12. One factor that determines the strength of an earthquake is the depth of its
a. epicenter
b. epicentral distance.
c. magnitude.
d. focus.
13. The focus of a caastrophic earthquake with high intensity values is almost always
a. deep.
b. shallow.
c. difficult to determine.
d. below the point of initial rock failure.
To determine an epicentral distance, scientists consider the arrival of what wave types?
Can the location of an epicenter be determined from the distance between one seismic station and the epicenter? If not, what information is needed?
Word Bank
⬇️
Circum-Pacific Belt boundaries tectonic plates
Mediterranean - Asian Belt ocean ridges
seismic belts
Most earthquakes occur in narrow_____________ that lie between large regions with little or no seismic activity. Seismic activity in seismic belts is a result of movements among Earth's ______________. Most earthquakes occur near the ______________ of tectonic plates. Nearly 80 percent of earthquakes occur in the seismic belt known as the ______________. About 15 percent of all earthquakes occur in the ________________. which stretches across Europe and Asia. Most other earthquakes occur on the crests of _____________.
SECTION 19.4 Earthquakes and Society
1. What kinds of structures suffer the most severe damage from an earthquake?
2. How would a rubber structure beneath a building prevent it from being damaged?
3. What takes place during the process called "pancaking"?
4. How is the height of a building related to damage caused during an earthquake?
5. What can happen during earthquakes during in areas where the ground contains fluid-saturated sand?
6. How are seismic waves changed as they pass through soft soils?
7. What can occur on a step slope during an earthquake?
8. Is an area that has already experienced past earthquakes more or less likely to experience a future earthquake than an area that has never had an earthquake?
9. Upon what two factors is the probability of earthquake occurrence based?
10. What is a seismic gap?
Answers
GPT-4o mini
### Stress and Strain Concepts
1. **What is stress?**
- Stress is the force applied per unit area within materials. It can cause deformation and is typically measured in Pascals (Pa).
2. **What is strain?**
- Strain is the deformation that occurs in a material as a result of applied stress. It is the change in size or shape relative to the original dimensions.
3. **What is compression?**
- Compression is a type of stress that occurs when forces act to compress or compact a material, leading to a decrease in volume.
4. **What is tension?**
- Tension is a type of stress that occurs when forces pull away from each other, leading to an increase in length or extension of a material.
5. **What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?**
- When stress exceeds the strength of a material, the material will fail, which can lead to cracks, fractures, or complete rupture.
6. **On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation of a material? What part represents plastic deformation?**
- The initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve represents elastic deformation, where the material returns to its original shape after the stress is removed. The portion beyond the elastic limit, where the curve begins to curve, represents plastic deformation, where the material undergoes permanent deformation.
7. **Which occurs at a lower stress value, plastic deformation or elastic deformation?**
- Elastic deformation occurs at a lower stress value compared to plastic deformation.
8. **Are rocks near Earth's surface generally brittle or plastic? Rocks at great depths?**
- Rocks near Earth's surface are generally brittle, while rocks at great depths tend to be more plastic due to the increased pressure and temperature.
### Fault Types Matching
**Column A**
- **_____ 9. Fracture that forms a result of horizontal compression**
**d. reverse fault**
- **______ 10. Fracture caused by horizontal shear**
**f. strike-slip fault**
- **______ 11. Famous California strike-slip fault**
**e. San Andreas**
- **______ 12. Fracture caused by horizontal tension**
**c. normal fault**
- **______ 13. Fracture along which movement occurs**
**a. fault**
- **_______ 14. Fault surface along which movement takes place**
**b. fault plane**
### Seismic Waves
**Description**
- **15. Causes rocks to move both up and down and from side to side**
- **Surface waves** (specifically Rayleigh waves)
- **16. Causes rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels**
- **S-waves** (secondary waves)
- **17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction as the wave travels**
- **P-waves** (primary waves)
- **18. Can pass through Earth's interior**
- **P-waves and S-waves** (P-waves can, S-waves cannot pass through liquids)
- **19. Travels only along Earth's surface**
- **Surface waves**
### Seismometers and Seismograms
1. A **seismometer** is an instrument that records earthquake vibrations.
2. All seismometers include a **mass** suspended from a wire or spring.
3. A paper or computer record of earthquake vibrations is called a **seismogram**.
4. All seismometers include a **frame** that is anchored to the ground and records vibrations during an earthquake.
### True or False
- **______ 5. Seismic waves change speed and direction when they encounter different materials.**
**True**
- **______ 6. P-waves travel through Earth's mantle.**
**True**
- **______ 7. S-waves do not travel through Earth's mantle.**
**False** (They do travel through it but cannot pass through liquid)
- **______ 8. Surface waves are the first to arrive at a seismic station.**
**False** (P-waves are the first)
- **______ 9. P-waves are bent when they strike the core.**
**True**
- **______ 10. On seismograms, seismic waves recorded from more distant facilities are closer together than those recorded from facilities close to the epicenter.**
**False** (They are spaced farther apart)
- **______ 11. S-waves do not enter the core because they cannot travel through solids.**
**False** (They do enter solid parts but not liquid)
- **______ 12. Seismologists have reasoned that Earth's outer core must be liquid based on the disappearance of S-waves.**
**True**
- **______ 13. Studies of how waves reflect deep inside Earth show that Earth's inner core is solid.**
**True**
- **______ 14. The P-waves shadow zone does not receive direct P-waves.**
**True**
### Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
1. **b. magnitude.**
2. **d. magnitude.**
3. **a. seismic energy.**
4. **b. fault rupture.**
5. **a. P-wave arrival time.**
6. **a. intensity.**
7. **a. intensity.**
8. **c. I to XII.**
9. **b. intensity decreases.**
10. **a. epicenter.**
11. **a. epicenter.**
12. **d. focus.**
13. **b. shallow.**
### Epicentral Distance and Determination
To determine an epicentral distance, scientists consider the arrival of **P-waves** and **S-waves**.
No, the location of an epicenter cannot be determined from the distance between one seismic station and the epicenter alone. Information from at least **three seismic stations** is needed to triangulate the exact location of the epicenter.
### Seismic Belts and Activity
Most earthquakes occur in narrow **seismic belts** that lie between large regions with little or no seismic activity. Seismic activity in seismic belts is a result of movements among Earth's **tectonic plates**. Most earthquakes occur near the **boundaries** of tectonic plates. Nearly 80 percent of earthquakes occur in the seismic belt known as the **Circum-Pacific Belt**. About 15 percent of all earthquakes occur in the **Mediterranean-Asian Belt**, which stretches across Europe and Asia. Most other earthquakes occur on the crests of **ocean ridges**.
### Earthquakes and Society
1. **What kinds of structures suffer the most severe damage from an earthquake?**
- Poorly built or non-engineered structures, particularly unreinforced masonry buildings, suffer the most severe damage.
2. **How would a rubber structure beneath a building prevent it from being damaged?**
- A rubber structure, or base isolation system, absorbs and dissipates seismic energy, allowing the building to move more independently from ground motion, reducing damage.
3. **What takes place during the process called "pancaking"?**
- Pancaking occurs when upper floors of a building collapse onto the floors below, leading to a progressive failure and total collapse of the structure.
4. **How is the height of a building related to damage caused during an earthquake?**
- Taller buildings are generally more susceptible to damage during earthquakes due to increased sway and resonance effects, especially if not properly designed to withstand seismic forces.
5. **What can happen during earthquakes in areas where the ground contains fluid-saturated sand?**
- Liquefaction can occur, where saturated soil temporarily loses strength and behaves like a liquid, leading to building instability and ground failure.
6. **How are seismic waves changed as they pass through soft soils?**
- Seismic waves are slowed down, amplified, and changed in frequency, potentially leading to increased shaking intensity compared to harder substrates.
7. **What can occur on a steep slope during an earthquake?**
- Landslides can occur, as the shaking may dislodge material and lead to rapid downhill movement.
8. **Is an area that has already experienced past earthquakes more or less likely to experience a future earthquake than an area that has never had an earthquake?**
- An area with past earthquake activity is generally more likely to experience future earthquakes due to the geological and tectonic conditions present.
9. **Upon what two factors is the probability of earthquake occurrence based?**
- The probability of earthquake occurrence is based on historical seismic activity and the geological characteristics of the area.
10. **What is a seismic gap?**
- A seismic gap is a segment of an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a significant period, leading to the assumption that it may be overdue for one.
1. **What is stress?**
- Stress is the force applied per unit area within materials. It can cause deformation and is typically measured in Pascals (Pa).
2. **What is strain?**
- Strain is the deformation that occurs in a material as a result of applied stress. It is the change in size or shape relative to the original dimensions.
3. **What is compression?**
- Compression is a type of stress that occurs when forces act to compress or compact a material, leading to a decrease in volume.
4. **What is tension?**
- Tension is a type of stress that occurs when forces pull away from each other, leading to an increase in length or extension of a material.
5. **What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?**
- When stress exceeds the strength of a material, the material will fail, which can lead to cracks, fractures, or complete rupture.
6. **On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation of a material? What part represents plastic deformation?**
- The initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve represents elastic deformation, where the material returns to its original shape after the stress is removed. The portion beyond the elastic limit, where the curve begins to curve, represents plastic deformation, where the material undergoes permanent deformation.
7. **Which occurs at a lower stress value, plastic deformation or elastic deformation?**
- Elastic deformation occurs at a lower stress value compared to plastic deformation.
8. **Are rocks near Earth's surface generally brittle or plastic? Rocks at great depths?**
- Rocks near Earth's surface are generally brittle, while rocks at great depths tend to be more plastic due to the increased pressure and temperature.
### Fault Types Matching
**Column A**
- **_____ 9. Fracture that forms a result of horizontal compression**
**d. reverse fault**
- **______ 10. Fracture caused by horizontal shear**
**f. strike-slip fault**
- **______ 11. Famous California strike-slip fault**
**e. San Andreas**
- **______ 12. Fracture caused by horizontal tension**
**c. normal fault**
- **______ 13. Fracture along which movement occurs**
**a. fault**
- **_______ 14. Fault surface along which movement takes place**
**b. fault plane**
### Seismic Waves
**Description**
- **15. Causes rocks to move both up and down and from side to side**
- **Surface waves** (specifically Rayleigh waves)
- **16. Causes rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels**
- **S-waves** (secondary waves)
- **17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction as the wave travels**
- **P-waves** (primary waves)
- **18. Can pass through Earth's interior**
- **P-waves and S-waves** (P-waves can, S-waves cannot pass through liquids)
- **19. Travels only along Earth's surface**
- **Surface waves**
### Seismometers and Seismograms
1. A **seismometer** is an instrument that records earthquake vibrations.
2. All seismometers include a **mass** suspended from a wire or spring.
3. A paper or computer record of earthquake vibrations is called a **seismogram**.
4. All seismometers include a **frame** that is anchored to the ground and records vibrations during an earthquake.
### True or False
- **______ 5. Seismic waves change speed and direction when they encounter different materials.**
**True**
- **______ 6. P-waves travel through Earth's mantle.**
**True**
- **______ 7. S-waves do not travel through Earth's mantle.**
**False** (They do travel through it but cannot pass through liquid)
- **______ 8. Surface waves are the first to arrive at a seismic station.**
**False** (P-waves are the first)
- **______ 9. P-waves are bent when they strike the core.**
**True**
- **______ 10. On seismograms, seismic waves recorded from more distant facilities are closer together than those recorded from facilities close to the epicenter.**
**False** (They are spaced farther apart)
- **______ 11. S-waves do not enter the core because they cannot travel through solids.**
**False** (They do enter solid parts but not liquid)
- **______ 12. Seismologists have reasoned that Earth's outer core must be liquid based on the disappearance of S-waves.**
**True**
- **______ 13. Studies of how waves reflect deep inside Earth show that Earth's inner core is solid.**
**True**
- **______ 14. The P-waves shadow zone does not receive direct P-waves.**
**True**
### Measuring and Locating Earthquakes
1. **b. magnitude.**
2. **d. magnitude.**
3. **a. seismic energy.**
4. **b. fault rupture.**
5. **a. P-wave arrival time.**
6. **a. intensity.**
7. **a. intensity.**
8. **c. I to XII.**
9. **b. intensity decreases.**
10. **a. epicenter.**
11. **a. epicenter.**
12. **d. focus.**
13. **b. shallow.**
### Epicentral Distance and Determination
To determine an epicentral distance, scientists consider the arrival of **P-waves** and **S-waves**.
No, the location of an epicenter cannot be determined from the distance between one seismic station and the epicenter alone. Information from at least **three seismic stations** is needed to triangulate the exact location of the epicenter.
### Seismic Belts and Activity
Most earthquakes occur in narrow **seismic belts** that lie between large regions with little or no seismic activity. Seismic activity in seismic belts is a result of movements among Earth's **tectonic plates**. Most earthquakes occur near the **boundaries** of tectonic plates. Nearly 80 percent of earthquakes occur in the seismic belt known as the **Circum-Pacific Belt**. About 15 percent of all earthquakes occur in the **Mediterranean-Asian Belt**, which stretches across Europe and Asia. Most other earthquakes occur on the crests of **ocean ridges**.
### Earthquakes and Society
1. **What kinds of structures suffer the most severe damage from an earthquake?**
- Poorly built or non-engineered structures, particularly unreinforced masonry buildings, suffer the most severe damage.
2. **How would a rubber structure beneath a building prevent it from being damaged?**
- A rubber structure, or base isolation system, absorbs and dissipates seismic energy, allowing the building to move more independently from ground motion, reducing damage.
3. **What takes place during the process called "pancaking"?**
- Pancaking occurs when upper floors of a building collapse onto the floors below, leading to a progressive failure and total collapse of the structure.
4. **How is the height of a building related to damage caused during an earthquake?**
- Taller buildings are generally more susceptible to damage during earthquakes due to increased sway and resonance effects, especially if not properly designed to withstand seismic forces.
5. **What can happen during earthquakes in areas where the ground contains fluid-saturated sand?**
- Liquefaction can occur, where saturated soil temporarily loses strength and behaves like a liquid, leading to building instability and ground failure.
6. **How are seismic waves changed as they pass through soft soils?**
- Seismic waves are slowed down, amplified, and changed in frequency, potentially leading to increased shaking intensity compared to harder substrates.
7. **What can occur on a steep slope during an earthquake?**
- Landslides can occur, as the shaking may dislodge material and lead to rapid downhill movement.
8. **Is an area that has already experienced past earthquakes more or less likely to experience a future earthquake than an area that has never had an earthquake?**
- An area with past earthquake activity is generally more likely to experience future earthquakes due to the geological and tectonic conditions present.
9. **Upon what two factors is the probability of earthquake occurrence based?**
- The probability of earthquake occurrence is based on historical seismic activity and the geological characteristics of the area.
10. **What is a seismic gap?**
- A seismic gap is a segment of an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a significant period, leading to the assumption that it may be overdue for one.