In recent decades, both the Philippines and Indonesia have made significant strides toward democratic governance, primarily through popular movements that demanded and won elective governments. Here’s a brief overview of how democracy has evolved in each country:
The Philippines:
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People Power Revolution (1986): A critical moment in Philippine history was the People Power Revolution, which peacefully ousted dictator Ferdinand Marcos after years of martial law and authoritarian rule. This movement was characterized by widespread public demonstrations, support from various sectors of society, and the church. It led to the establishment of a new democratic government and the 1987 Constitution, which aimed to protect civil liberties and promote democratic practices.
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Subsequent Elections: Since the fall of Marcos, the Philippines has held regular elections, allowing for the transfer of power through democratic processes. Various leaders have been elected, and while challenges remain (such as issues of corruption and political violence), the electoral process has allowed for greater public participation and representation.
Indonesia:
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Reformasi Movement (1998): Indonesia experienced a significant transition from autocratic rule under President Suharto, who had been in power since 1967, to a more democratic system following the Reformasi movement. This movement was sparked by widespread discontent over corruption, economic crises, and human rights abuses.
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Democratic Reforms: Following Suharto's resignation, Indonesia underwent a series of reforms that included the decentralization of power, the introduction of direct elections for the presidency and regional leaders, and changes to laws governing political parties and civil liberties. The 1999 elections marked a pivotal shift to a more democratic political landscape.
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Continued Democratic Development: Indonesia has continued to hold regular elections and has experienced peaceful transitions of power between elected leaders, further entrenching democratic norms and practices.
Conclusion:
In both countries, the path to democracy was not without challenges, including lingering political violence, issues related to corruption, and struggles for human rights. However, the significant role of popular movements in advocating for democratic change was crucial. These movements mobilized citizens, resulted in the ousting of authoritarian leaders, and led to the establishment of governments formed through electoral processes, contributing to the current democratic frameworks in both the Philippines and Indonesia.