The most likely explanation for John's compost pile not decomposing well, especially considering that he regularly mixes it for oxygen and that the pile feels cold, is:
The compost pile contained incorrect amounts of "greens" and "browns".
For effective decomposition, a balanced carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio is necessary, which comes from the right mix of "browns" (high in carbon) and "greens" (high in nitrogen). If there are too few "greens", the microbial activity can be low, resulting in a cooler pile and slower decomposition.