Wahhabism is a conservative and puritanical form of Islam that emerged in the 18th century, founded by the Arabian theologian Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It seeks to return to what adherents consider the original principles of Islam by emphasizing strict monotheism (tauhid) and rejecting practices deemed innovations (bid'ah) that have developed over centuries in Islamic traditions. Wahhabism insists on a literal interpretation of the Quran and Hadith and is critical of practices such as the veneration of saints, shrine pilgrimage, and various forms of Sufi mysticism.
Wahhabism is most influential in Saudi Arabia, where it is closely associated with the Saudi state. The ruling family has promoted Wahhabist teachings as part of their political legitimacy since the 18th century. This ideology has also spread to other parts of the world through various means, including funding of mosques, schools, and religious institutions, as well as through missionary activities (da'wah).
Outside of Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism and its related ideologies have gained traction in parts of the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, where they have influenced certain militant groups and movements. The teachings have also contributed to the rise of extremist factions that interpret Wahhabist principles in a violent context, leading to concerns about radicalization and sectarian tensions within the broader Muslim community.