Question
Summarize the effects of harmful punishment from the following text:
Give me 3 effects that were listed below too:
Write the summary in your own words and keep the wording simple an unprofessional
"Effects of Physical Discipline on Children
Ineffectiveness as a disciplinary tool
Despite beliefs that physical discipline is an effective way to eliminate undesirable child behavior
or to induce child compliance with parents’ requests, there is no consistent scientific evidence that
physical discipline makes children more or less likely to cease undesirable behavior or engage in
desirable behavior in the short term (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a). Research instead suggests that
physical discipline is not better than other discipline methods (e.g., reasoning, time out, taking away
privileges, warnings, and ignoring misbehavior) nor does it serve to enhance the positive outcomes
parents seek, such as conscience development or positive behavior and affect (Larzelere & Kuhn, 2005).
Instead, use of physical discipline predicts increases—not decreases—in children’s behavior problems
over time, even after race, gender, and family socioeconomic status have been statistically controlled
(e.g., Alampay et al., 2017; Berlin et al., 2009; Campbell, Pierce, Moore, Marakovitz, & Newby, 1996;
Cohen & Brook, 1995; Coley, Kull, & Carrano, 2014; Flouri & Midouhas, 2017; Grogan-Kaylor, 2004,
2005a; Gromoske & Maguire-Jack, 2012; Gunnoe & Mariner, 1997; Ma & Grogan-Kaylor, 2017;
MacKenzie, Nicklas, Brooks-Gunn, & Waldfogel, 2015; Maguire-Jack, Gromoske, & Berger, 2012;
Maneta, White, & Mezzacappa, 2017; Olson, Ewon Choe, & Sameroff; 2017; Olson, Lopez-Duran,
Lunkenheimer, Chang, & Sameroff, 2011; Pagani et al., 2004; Paolucci & Violato, 2004; Piché, Huỳnh,
Clément, & Durrant, 2016; Stormshak et al., 2000; Weiss, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 1992).
Implications for the child
5
Although research may not capture all of the complexities of family functioning or the factors
that influence discipline decisions, the scope of research indicates that physical discipline is associated
with risk of adverse outcomes. Meta-analytic reviews have found physical discipline use to be linked
with a host of undesirable behavioral, social, and biological outcomes (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a;
Paolucci & Violato, 2004). First, physical discipline use is associated with increases in later externalizing
behavior, aggression, and antisocial behavior (e.g., Ferguson, 2013; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a;
Gershoff, Sattler, & Ansari, 2018; Okuzono, Fujiwara, Kato, & Kawachi, 2017; Zulauf, Sokolovsky, Grabell,
& Olson, 2018). The associations between physical discipline use and undesirable behaviors persist even
when initial levels of the children’s behavior problems are considered (e.g., Coley et al., 2014; Campbell
et al., 1996; Grogan-Kaylor, 2005b; Maguire-Jack et al., 2012; Maneta et al., 2017; Mulvaney & Mebert,
2007; Taylor, Manganello, Lee, & Rice, 2010; Turns & Sibley, 2018). Moreover, reducing parents’ use of
physical discipline is associated with reductions in children’s aggressive behavior, providing additional
evidence that physical discipline predicts greater child aggression (Beauchaine, Webster-Stratton, &
Reid, 2005; Gershoff, Ansari, Purtell, & Sexton, 2016; Gross et al., 2009; Leijten, Raajmakers, Orobio de
Castro, van den Ban, & Matthys, 2017). Physical discipline use is also associated with mental health
problems in children, such as internalizing disorders, even after controlling for previous mental health
issues (Ferguson, 2013; Bender et al., 2007; Coley et al., 2014; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a; Ma,
2016; Maguire-Jack et al., 2012; Maneta et al., 2017) as well as long-term adult mental health
impairment (e.g., Afifi et al., 2017). And finally, children’s heightened fear, anger, and sadness
associated with physical discipline increase their general levels of psychological distress (Dobbs, Smith,
& Taylor, 2006; Turner & Finkelhor, 1996; Vittrup & Holden, 2010). Because physical discipline is painful
and parents are the source of that pain, physical discipline may reduce the quality of the parent-child
relationship. Children may exhibit greater levels of distrust in and avoidance of parents who rely on
physical discipline, which makes those children less likely to develop a strong attachment bond with
those parents (Coyl, Roggman, & Newland, 2002; Grusec & Goodnow, 1994), and, ultimately, become
less receptive to parents’ positive socialization efforts (Grusec, 2002; Maccoby, 1992). Additionally,
physical discipline models aggressive behavior to children as a conflict resolution strategy and has been
associated with increased peer aggression in preschool and school-aged children (Olson et al., 2011;
Simons & Wurtele, 2010; Strassberg, Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1994; Turns & Sibley, 2018; Zulauf et al.,
2018). Such modeling of physical force to control another’s behavior contradicts parents’ and society’s
goals of teaching children to solve disagreements and to express their disappointment and frustration
through means other than physical aggression.
Finally, in terms of neurological and biological correlates of physical discipline use, physical
discipline is associated with impaired cognitive ability and detrimental brain development, which are
themselves associated with the development of mental health problems (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor,
2016a; Tomoda, Suzuki, Rabi, Sheu, Polcari, & Teicher, 2009). Neurobiologically, physical discipline also
appears to contribute to alterations in or dysregulation of cortisol and dopamine activity, resulting in
hypersensitivity to stress and increased risk for substance abuse, respectively (Bugental, Martorell, &
Barraza, 2003; Sheu, Polcari, Anderson, & Teicher, 2010; Tomoda et al., 2009). "
Give me 3 effects that were listed below too:
Write the summary in your own words and keep the wording simple an unprofessional
"Effects of Physical Discipline on Children
Ineffectiveness as a disciplinary tool
Despite beliefs that physical discipline is an effective way to eliminate undesirable child behavior
or to induce child compliance with parents’ requests, there is no consistent scientific evidence that
physical discipline makes children more or less likely to cease undesirable behavior or engage in
desirable behavior in the short term (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a). Research instead suggests that
physical discipline is not better than other discipline methods (e.g., reasoning, time out, taking away
privileges, warnings, and ignoring misbehavior) nor does it serve to enhance the positive outcomes
parents seek, such as conscience development or positive behavior and affect (Larzelere & Kuhn, 2005).
Instead, use of physical discipline predicts increases—not decreases—in children’s behavior problems
over time, even after race, gender, and family socioeconomic status have been statistically controlled
(e.g., Alampay et al., 2017; Berlin et al., 2009; Campbell, Pierce, Moore, Marakovitz, & Newby, 1996;
Cohen & Brook, 1995; Coley, Kull, & Carrano, 2014; Flouri & Midouhas, 2017; Grogan-Kaylor, 2004,
2005a; Gromoske & Maguire-Jack, 2012; Gunnoe & Mariner, 1997; Ma & Grogan-Kaylor, 2017;
MacKenzie, Nicklas, Brooks-Gunn, & Waldfogel, 2015; Maguire-Jack, Gromoske, & Berger, 2012;
Maneta, White, & Mezzacappa, 2017; Olson, Ewon Choe, & Sameroff; 2017; Olson, Lopez-Duran,
Lunkenheimer, Chang, & Sameroff, 2011; Pagani et al., 2004; Paolucci & Violato, 2004; Piché, Huỳnh,
Clément, & Durrant, 2016; Stormshak et al., 2000; Weiss, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 1992).
Implications for the child
5
Although research may not capture all of the complexities of family functioning or the factors
that influence discipline decisions, the scope of research indicates that physical discipline is associated
with risk of adverse outcomes. Meta-analytic reviews have found physical discipline use to be linked
with a host of undesirable behavioral, social, and biological outcomes (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a;
Paolucci & Violato, 2004). First, physical discipline use is associated with increases in later externalizing
behavior, aggression, and antisocial behavior (e.g., Ferguson, 2013; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a;
Gershoff, Sattler, & Ansari, 2018; Okuzono, Fujiwara, Kato, & Kawachi, 2017; Zulauf, Sokolovsky, Grabell,
& Olson, 2018). The associations between physical discipline use and undesirable behaviors persist even
when initial levels of the children’s behavior problems are considered (e.g., Coley et al., 2014; Campbell
et al., 1996; Grogan-Kaylor, 2005b; Maguire-Jack et al., 2012; Maneta et al., 2017; Mulvaney & Mebert,
2007; Taylor, Manganello, Lee, & Rice, 2010; Turns & Sibley, 2018). Moreover, reducing parents’ use of
physical discipline is associated with reductions in children’s aggressive behavior, providing additional
evidence that physical discipline predicts greater child aggression (Beauchaine, Webster-Stratton, &
Reid, 2005; Gershoff, Ansari, Purtell, & Sexton, 2016; Gross et al., 2009; Leijten, Raajmakers, Orobio de
Castro, van den Ban, & Matthys, 2017). Physical discipline use is also associated with mental health
problems in children, such as internalizing disorders, even after controlling for previous mental health
issues (Ferguson, 2013; Bender et al., 2007; Coley et al., 2014; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a; Ma,
2016; Maguire-Jack et al., 2012; Maneta et al., 2017) as well as long-term adult mental health
impairment (e.g., Afifi et al., 2017). And finally, children’s heightened fear, anger, and sadness
associated with physical discipline increase their general levels of psychological distress (Dobbs, Smith,
& Taylor, 2006; Turner & Finkelhor, 1996; Vittrup & Holden, 2010). Because physical discipline is painful
and parents are the source of that pain, physical discipline may reduce the quality of the parent-child
relationship. Children may exhibit greater levels of distrust in and avoidance of parents who rely on
physical discipline, which makes those children less likely to develop a strong attachment bond with
those parents (Coyl, Roggman, & Newland, 2002; Grusec & Goodnow, 1994), and, ultimately, become
less receptive to parents’ positive socialization efforts (Grusec, 2002; Maccoby, 1992). Additionally,
physical discipline models aggressive behavior to children as a conflict resolution strategy and has been
associated with increased peer aggression in preschool and school-aged children (Olson et al., 2011;
Simons & Wurtele, 2010; Strassberg, Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1994; Turns & Sibley, 2018; Zulauf et al.,
2018). Such modeling of physical force to control another’s behavior contradicts parents’ and society’s
goals of teaching children to solve disagreements and to express their disappointment and frustration
through means other than physical aggression.
Finally, in terms of neurological and biological correlates of physical discipline use, physical
discipline is associated with impaired cognitive ability and detrimental brain development, which are
themselves associated with the development of mental health problems (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor,
2016a; Tomoda, Suzuki, Rabi, Sheu, Polcari, & Teicher, 2009). Neurobiologically, physical discipline also
appears to contribute to alterations in or dysregulation of cortisol and dopamine activity, resulting in
hypersensitivity to stress and increased risk for substance abuse, respectively (Bugental, Martorell, &
Barraza, 2003; Sheu, Polcari, Anderson, & Teicher, 2010; Tomoda et al., 2009). "
Answers
GPT-4o mini
The text discusses the negative effects of using physical discipline on children. Here’s a simple summary of its main points:
1. **Ineffectiveness for Behavior Change**: Physical punishment doesn’t consistently help change bad behavior in children. In fact, it doesn’t work better than other methods like talking, time-outs, or removing privileges. Instead of helping, it often leads to more behavior problems over time.
2. **Increased Aggression and Mental Health Issues**: Kids who experience physical discipline tend to show higher levels of aggression and antisocial behavior as they grow up. They are also more likely to face mental health problems, including anxiety and sadness, affecting their overall well-being.
3. **Damaged Parent-Child Relationships**: Using physical punishment can hurt the relationship between parents and children. Kids might feel distrust and fear, making it harder for them to bond with their parents and listen to their guidance.
Overall, the text highlights that physical discipline is not an effective way to manage children’s behavior and can lead to serious long-term issues for both the child and the parent-child relationship.
1. **Ineffectiveness for Behavior Change**: Physical punishment doesn’t consistently help change bad behavior in children. In fact, it doesn’t work better than other methods like talking, time-outs, or removing privileges. Instead of helping, it often leads to more behavior problems over time.
2. **Increased Aggression and Mental Health Issues**: Kids who experience physical discipline tend to show higher levels of aggression and antisocial behavior as they grow up. They are also more likely to face mental health problems, including anxiety and sadness, affecting their overall well-being.
3. **Damaged Parent-Child Relationships**: Using physical punishment can hurt the relationship between parents and children. Kids might feel distrust and fear, making it harder for them to bond with their parents and listen to their guidance.
Overall, the text highlights that physical discipline is not an effective way to manage children’s behavior and can lead to serious long-term issues for both the child and the parent-child relationship.