In the Middle Ages, a heretic was generally defined as a person who held beliefs or practices that deviated from the official doctrines of the Catholic Church. The Church maintained a strict orthodoxy, and anyone who challenged or contradicted its teachings could be labeled a heretic. This included:
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Individuals with differing theological views: Those who questioned core beliefs, such as the nature of the Trinity, the Sacraments, or the authority of the Pope, could be accused of heresy.
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Groups with alternative practices: Religious movements like the Cathars or Albigensians promoted dualistic beliefs that conflicted with the Church’s teachings, leading to their persecution.
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Philosophers and theologians: Figures such as John Wycliffe and Jan Hus critiqued the Church's practices and doctrine, often leading to accusations of heresy.
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Witchcraft and superstition: During the later Middle Ages, individuals accused of witchcraft or practicing folk religions could also be deemed heretical, particularly as the inquisition sought to root out what it considered dangerous beliefs.
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Political dissenters: Those who opposed the Church’s political power or questioned its role in governance could also face charges of heresy, especially if their views threatened the authority of the Church.
Consequences for heresy could be severe, ranging from excommunication and imprisonment to torture and execution, particularly during periods like the Inquisition.
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